背景:对威胁和关联奖励(STAR)的敏感性模型提出了低威胁敏感性和低隶属度作为冷酷无情(CU)特征的风险因素。STAR模型的初步证据来自儿童早期的工作。然而,当出现严重行为问题(CP)时,需要研究儿童后期和青春期的STAR维度。此外,目前尚不清楚威胁敏感性和从属关系的整个范围内的变异性如何引起CU特征以外的不同形式的精神病理学。
方法:当前的研究使用来自三个波的父母和儿童报告的数据以及11,878名青年(48%为女性;9-12岁)的青少年大脑认知发展研究的子研究来解决这些差距。
结果:与STAR模型一致,低威胁敏感性和低隶属度与CU特征在不同的线人和时间独立相关。此外,明星维度之间存在显著的相互作用,因此,对威胁敏感性较低和隶属度较低的儿童具有较高的父母报告的CU特征。与CU特征不同,威胁敏感度较高的儿童家长报告的CP和焦虑情绪较高.最后,隶属度较低的儿童父母报告的CP较高,焦虑,和抑郁症。结果大部分在线人和时间上复制,敏感性分析显示,有和没有DSM-5定义CP的儿童发现相似。
结论:结果支持STAR模型假设,因为它们与CU特征有关,并将威胁敏感性和隶属关系描述为不同类型精神病理学的独立跨诊断风险因素。需要进行未来的研究,以在多种评估方式中开发更全面,更可靠和有效的隶属关系和威胁敏感性度量。
BACKGROUND: The Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward (STAR) model proposes low threat sensitivity and low affiliation as risk factors for callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Preliminary evidence for the STAR model comes from work in early childhood. However, studies are needed that explore the STAR dimensions in late childhood and adolescence when severe conduct problems (CP) emerge. Moreover, it is unclear how variability across the full spectrum of threat sensitivity and affiliation gives rise to different forms of psychopathology beyond CU traits.
METHODS: The current study addressed these gaps using parent- and child-reported data from three waves and a sub-study of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® of 11,878 youth (48% female; ages 9-12).
RESULTS: Consistent with the STAR model, low threat sensitivity and low affiliation were independently related to CU traits across informants and time. Moreover, there was significant interaction between the STAR dimensions, such that children with lower sensitivity to threat and lower affiliation had higher parent-reported CU traits. Unlike CU traits, children with higher threat sensitivity had higher parent-reported CP and anxiety. Finally, children with lower affiliation had higher parent-reported CP, anxiety, and depression. Results largely replicated across informants and time, and sensitivity analysis revealed similar findings in children with and without DSM-5 defined CP.
CONCLUSIONS: Results support the STAR model hypotheses as they pertain to CU traits and delineate threat sensitivity and affiliation as independent transdiagnostic risk factors for different types of psychopathology. Future research is needed to develop fuller and more reliable and valid measures of affiliation and threat sensitivity across multiple assessment modalities.