高效和高性能电动汽车(EV)电池的开发依赖于改进各种组件,如阳极和阴极电极,分离器,和电解质。这篇综述论文详细概述了这些组件的不同材料,强调各自对提高电动汽车电池性能的贡献。碳基材料,金属复合材料,并探索了聚合物纳米复合材料作为阳极,提供高能量密度和容量。然而,它们被注意到容易电镀锂。独特的结构,如钛铌氧化物(TiNb2O7),提供高理论能力,快速Li+插层,和延长的生命周期。同时,二硫化钼(MoS2),具有2D和3D结构,表现出高可逆比容量,出色的费率性能,和循环稳定性,作为阳极材料显示出有希望的性能。对于阴极,磷酸铁锂(LFP),锂钴氧化物(LCO),锂-镍-钴-氧化铝(NCA),锂-镍-锰-钴氧化物(NMC),考虑了无钴锂镍锰氧化物(NMO),提供特定的能量和容量优势。例如,LFP阴极电极具有良好的热稳定性,良好的电化学性能,寿命长,虽然NMC表现出很高的比能,相对较高的容量,和成本节约。NCA具有很高的比能量,体面的特定权力,大容量,和长生命周期。NMO表现出优异的倍率能力,循环稳定性,和成本效益,但循环性能有限。分离机创新,包括聚烯烃材料,纳米纤维分离器,基于石墨烯的复合材料,和陶瓷-聚合物复合材料,被分析用作分离器,考虑到机械强度,孔隙度,与电解质的润湿性,电解吸收,循环效率,和离子电导率。电解质包含锂盐,例如四氟硼酸锂(LiBF4),六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6),和溶解在碳酸盐溶剂中的其他盐。这提高了能量密度,容量,和循环稳定性,并提供高离子迁移率和抗分解性。通过考察现有文献,本文还探讨了固体电解质界面(SEI)和锂电镀的研究,为理解和减轻这些关键问题提供有价值的见解。尽管取得了进展,限制,如实际实施挑战,潜在的成本影响,并承认需要进一步研究扩大规模的可行性和长期耐久性。这些增强关键电池参数-正极和负极的电化学特性的努力,分离器,和电解质-旨在提高容量,比能量密度,和整体能量密度。这些持续的努力致力于更快的电动汽车电池充电和更长的行驶范围,为电动汽车储能系统的持续发展做出贡献。因此,这篇综述论文不仅探讨了电动汽车电池技术的显着进步,而且强调了应对挑战和推动未来可持续和高性能电动汽车储能系统研究的必要性。
The development of efficient and high-performance electric vehicle (EV) batteries relies on improving various components, such as the anode and cathode electrodes, separators, and electrolytes. This review paper offers an elaborate overview of different materials for these components, emphasizing their respective contributions to the improvement of EV battery performance. Carbon-based materials, metal composites, and polymer nanocomposites are explored for the anode, offering high energy density and capacity. However, they are noted to be susceptible to Li plating. Unique structures, such as Titanium niobium oxide (TiNb2O7), offer high theoretical capacity, quick Li+ intercalation, and an extended lifecycle. Meanwhile, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), with 2D and 3D structures, exhibits high reversible specific capacity, outstanding rate performance, and cyclic stability, showing promising properties as anode material. For cathodes, lithium-iron phosphate (LFP), lithium-cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC), and cobalt-free lithium-nickel-manganese oxide (NMO) are considered, offering specific energy and capacity advantages. For instance, LFP cathode electrodes show good thermal stability, good electrochemical performance, and long lifespan, while NMC exhibits high specific energy, relatively high capacity, and cost savings. NCA has a high specific energy, decent specific power, large capacity, and a long lifecycle. NMO shows excellent rate capability, cyclic stability, and cost-effectiveness but with limited cycle performance. Separator innovations, including polyolefin materials, nanofiber separators, graphene-based composites, and ceramic-polymer composites, are analyzed for use as separators, considering mechanical strength, porosity, wettability with the electrolyte, electrolytic absorption, cycling efficiency, and ionic conductivity. The electrolyte comprises lithium salts such as lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), and other salts dissolved in carbonate solvents. This improves energy density, capacity, and cycling stability and provides high ion mobility and resistance to decomposition. By examining the existing literature, this review also explores research on the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and lithium plating, providing valuable insights into understanding and mitigating these critical issues. Despite the progress, limitations such as practical implementation challenges, potential cost implications, and the need for further research on scale-up feasibility and long-term durability are acknowledged. These efforts to enhance the electrochemical characteristics of key battery parameters-positive and negative electrodes, separators, and electrolytes-aim to improve capacity, specific energy density, and overall energy density. These continuous endeavours strive for faster charging of EV batteries and longer travel ranges, contributing to the ongoing evolution of EV energy storage systems. Thus, this review paper not only explores remarkable strides in EV battery technology but also underscores the imperative of addressing challenges and propelling future research for sustainable and high-performance electric vehicle energy storage systems.