Quickly sensing humidity changes is required in some fields, such as in fuel cell vehicles. The micro humidity sensor used for the relative humidity (RH) measurement with fast response characteristics, and its numerical model and method are rare. This paper firstly presents a numerical model and method for a parallel plate capacitor and a numerical analysis of its dynamic characteristics. The fabrication of this sensor was carried out based on the numerical results, and, the main characteristics of its moisture-sensitive element are shown. This parallel plate capacitor is made using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible technology, with a P-type monocrystalline silicon wafer used as the substrate, a thin polyimide film (PI) between the upper grid electrode and the lower parallel plate electrode, and electrodes with a molybdenum-aluminum bilayer structure. The shape of the micro sensor is square with 3 mm on the side of the source field. The humidity sensor has a linearity of 0.9965, hysteresis at 7.408% RH, and a sensitivity of 0.4264 pF/%RH. The sensor displays an average adsorption time of 1 s and a minimum adsorption time of 850 ms when the relative humidity increases from 33.2% RH to 75.8% RH. The sensor demonstrates very good stability during a 240 h test in a 25 °C environment. The numerical model and method provided by this study are very useful for predicting the performance of a parallel plate capacitor.

Commercial panels of microsatellite (STR) loci are focused on the use of DNA of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and are often inapplicable for genotyping the DNA of the gray wolf (Canis lupus lupus). We propose a CPlex test system, including one hexa- and 12 tetranucleotide autosomal STR loci, as well as two sex loci, that is equally efficient in DNA identification of biological samples of the wolf and the dog. Analysis of molecular variance between samples revealed significant differentiation values (FST = 0.0784, p < 0.001), which allows to use the panel to differentiate wolf and dog samples. Population subdivision coefficients (θ-values) were calculated for each of the 13 STR loci of the developed test system. It was shown that the values of the genotype frequency for dogs and wolves, without and with considering the θ-value, differ by three orders of magnitude (for dogs 8.9 × 10-16 and 2.1 × 10-14 and for wolves 1.9 × 10-15 and 4.5 × 10-14, respectively). The use of population subdivision coefficients will allow to identify the most reliable results of an expert identification study and the power of exclusion provided by the STR loci of the CPlex test system makes it possible to achieve a reliable level of evidence in forensic DNA analysis of both wolves and dogs. The test system has been validated for use in forensic identification of the dog and wolf based on biological traces found at crime scenes, as well as for individual identification and establishing biological relationship of animals of these species.

Anti-motion artifact is one of the most important properties of ambulatory ECG monitoring equipment. At present, there is a lack of standardized means to test the performance of anti-motion artifact. ECG simulator and special conductive leather are used to build the simulator, it is used to simulate human skin, to generate ECG signal input for the ECG monitoring equipment attached to it. The mechanical arm and fixed support are used to build a motion simulation system to fix the conductive leather. The mechanical arm is programmed to simulate various motion states of the human body, so that the ECG monitoring equipment can produce corresponding motion artifacts. The collected ECG signals are read wirelessly, observed, analyzed and compared, and the anti-motion artifact performance of ECG monitoring equipment is evaluated. The test results show that by artificially creating the small difference between the two groups of ambulatory ECG monitoring equipment, the system can accurately test the interference signals introduced under the conditions of controlled movement such as tension and torsion, and compare the advantages and disadvantages. The research shows that the test system can provide convenient and accurate verification means for the research of optimizing anti-motion interference.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), their properties and interaction with microenvironment are of interest in modern medicine and biology. There are many studies on the emergence of CSCs and their involvement in tumor pathogenesis. The most important property inherent to CSCs is their stemness. Stemness combines ability of the cell to maintain its pluripotency, give rise to differentiated cells, and interact with environment to maintain a balance between dormancy, proliferation, and regeneration. While adult stem cells exhibit these properties by participating in tissue homeostasis, CSCs behave as their malignant equivalents. High tumor resistance to therapy, ability to differentiate, activate angiogenesis and metastasis arise precisely due to the stemness of CSCs. These cells can be used as a target for therapy of different types of cancer. Laboratory models are needed to study cancer biology and find new therapeutic strategies. A promising direction is three-dimensional tumor models or spheroids. Such models exhibit properties resembling stemness in a natural tumor. By modifying spheroids, it becomes possible to investigate the effect of therapy on CSCs, thus contributing to the development of anti-tumor drug test systems. The review examines the niche of CSCs, the possibility of their study using three-dimensional spheroids, and existing markers for assessing stemness of CSCs.

As major projects such as nuclear power plants continuously increase, it is inevitable that loopholes will arise in safety precautions. Airplane anchoring structures, comprising steel joints and acting as a key component of such a major project, directly affect the safety of the project due to their resistance to the instant impact of an airplane. Existing impact testing machines have the limitations of being unable to balance impact velocity and impact force, as well as having inadequate control of impact velocity; they cannot meet the requirements of impact testing for steel mechanical connections in nuclear power plants. This paper discusses the hydraulic-based principle of the impact test system, adopts the hydraulic control mode, and uses the accumulator as the power source to develop an instant loading test system suitable for the entire series of steel joints and small-scale cable impact tests. The system is equipped with a 2000 kN static-pressure-supported high-speed servo linear actuator, a 2 × 22 kW oil pump motor group, a 2.2 kW high-pressure oil pump motor group, and a 9000 L/min nitrogen-charging accumulator group, which can test the impact of large-tonnage instant tensile loading. The maximum impact force of the system is 2000 kN, and the maximum impact rate is 1.5 m/s. Through the impact testing of mechanical connecting components using the developed impact test system, it was found that the strain rate of the specimen before failure was not less than 1 s-1, meeting the requirements of the technical specifications for nuclear power plants. By adjusting the working pressure of the accumulator group, the impact rate could be controlled effectively, thus providing a strong experimental platform for research in the field of engineering for preventing emergencies.

This article describes a reference data set for a representative Norwegian radial, medium voltage (MV) electric power distribution system operated at 22 kV. The data set is developed in the Norwegian research centre CINELDI and will in brief be referred to as the CINELDI MV reference system. Data for a real Norwegian distribution system were provided by a distribution grid company. The data have been anonymized and processed to obtain a simplified but still realistic grid model with 124 nodes. The first part of the data set describes the base version of the reference system that represents the present-day state of the grid, including information on topology, electrical parameters, and existing load points. The data set also comprises a load data set with load demand time series for a year with hourly resolution and scenarios for the possible long-term load development. These data describe an extended version of the reference system with information on possible new load points being added to the system in the future. A third part of the data set is data necessary for carrying out reliability of supply analyses for the system. The base version of the reference system described in this article can be extended to represent other types of distribution grids (e.g., with a ring topology). The reference grid can be used for assessing new methods and principles for distribution system operation and planning, including assessment of flexibility resources, active distribution grid measures, grid reinforcement planning, grid reinvestment planning, reliability of supply analysis, self-healing, etc.

暂无摘要。

We investigated the features of the morphology and cytokine profiles of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (BM-MSCs), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in double (BM-MSCs + SH-SY5Y cells) and triple (BM-MSCs + SH-SY5Y cells + PBMCs) co-cultures incubated on plastic and Matrigel. Cells in the co-cultures communicated by vesicular transport and by exchanging membrane and cytoplasmic components. The cytokine profile of double and triple co-cultures incubated on Matrigel and plastic had differences and showed the highest concentration of a number of chemokines/cytokines, such as CXCL8/IL-8, I-TAC/CXCL11, IP10/CXCL10, MDC/CCL22, MIP-1α/CCL3, IL-1β, ENA-78/CXCL5, Gro-α/CXCL1, MCP-1/CCL2, TERC/CCL25, CXCL8/IL-8, and IL-6. High concentrations of inflammatory chemokines/cytokines in the conditioned medium of triple co-culture form a chronic inflammation, which brings the presented co-cultivation system closer to a natural tumor. Triple co-cultures were more resistant to cisplatin (CDDP) than the double- and monoculture of SH-SY5Y. The mRNA levels of BCL2, BCL2L1, RAC1, CAV1, CASP3, and BAX genes were changed in cells after co-culturing and CDDP treatment in double and triple co-cultures. The expression of the BCL2, BAX, CAV1, and CASP3 proteins in SH-SY5Y cells after the triple co-culture and CAV1 and BAX protein expression in SH-SY5Y cells after the double co-culture were determined. This study demonstrated the nature of the cellular interactions between components of tumor niche and the intercellular influence on chemoresistance observed in our tumor model, which should enable the development of novel test systems for anti-tumor agents.

Previous researchers mostly carried out simulation research and scattered experimental research on the static and dynamic characteristics of the digital valve, but did not form a systematic and in-depth study on the characteristics of the valve. Based on expounding the basic principles and functions of the valve and the test system, this paper carries out the test research under various variables for three kinds of static characteristics, including pressure differential-flow characteristics, signal-pressure characteristics, and signal-flow characteristics. The optimal control frequency of the valve is obtained from the comprehensive consideration of linear interval, linearity, and hysteresis. Three methods are systematically used to deeply study the dynamic characteristics, and the influencing factors of test results under various test conditions are analyzed. Through the research of this paper, it can provide relevant performance parameters for taking the digital valve as the system control element in the next step, and lay the foundation for the accurate control of the system.

The pressure change rate (PCR) of the brake chamber is the key control parameter and evaluation index in the pneumatic braking system for intelligent braking. The PCR threshold value of commercial vehicle brake chambers for braking comfort is analyzed. The PCR measurement method based on a laminar flow resistance tube is proposed, and the PCR test system is designed. The simulation model of a PCR test system for commercial vehicle brake chambers is presented. By analyzing the simulation and experimental results, it is validated that the PCR test system of commercial vehicle brake chambers has the function of measuring PCR in real time. Finally, according to the MSA (Measurement System Analysis) evaluation method, the performance of the PCR test system for commercial vehicle brake chambers is analyzed, and the correctness and applicability of the test system are verified.