Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is an exceedingly rare congenital syndrome of chromosome 15 that presents multiple comorbidities in said individuals. The associated quality of life for those with the disease is often severely diminished; more tragically, mortality associated with the disease is also increased. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is highly associated with mortality and has been shown to be more prevalent in patients with PWS. This case report details a patient with PWS who survived an acute saddle PE and looks to bring more clinical knowledge that can be applied when dealing with individuals with PWS.

Background: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 2.5 and 1.25 mg nebulized salbutamol on Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN) compared with placebo. Methods: We conducted a triple-blind, phase II/III parallel randomized controlled trial in two university-affiliated hospitals with neonatal intensive care units. Newborns with a confirmed diagnosis of TTN, with gestational age >35 weeks and gestational weight >2 kg were included. Cases of asphyxia, meconium aspiration syndrome, and persistent pulmonary hypertension were excluded. Ninety eligible patients were randomly allocated in three intervention groups (2.5 mg salbutamol, 1.25 mg salbutamol, and placebo), and a single-dose nebulized product was prescribed 6 hours after the birth. Safety outcomes included postintervention tachycardia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, and changes in blood pressure. To evaluate the efficacy, the duration of postintervention tachypnea, TTN clinical score, and clinical and paraclinical respiratory indices were assessed. Parents, Outcome assessors, and data analyzer were blind to the intervention. Results: There was no adverse reaction, including tachycardia, hypokalemia, and jitteriness. Both groups of salbutamol recipients showed significant improvement regarding respiratory rate, TTN clinical score, and oxygenation indices compared with the placebo (p-values <0.001). Nonstatistically significant higher hospital stay was observed in the placebo group. Single 2.5 mg salbutamol nebulization showed a little better outcome than the dose of 1.25 mg, although we could not find statistical superiority. Conclusion: The newly applied single high dose of 2.5 mg nebulized salbutamol is safe in treating TTN and leads to notable faster improvement of respiratory status without any considerable adverse reaction. Registry code: IRCT20190328043133N1.

Objective: To compare the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in Kunming among the pre-and post-COVID-19 era, and to establish a prediction model for severe RSV infection in children during the post-COVID-19 period. Methods: This was a retrospective study. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from 959 children hospitalized with RSV infection in the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at Kunming Children\'s Hospital during January to December 2019 and January to December 2023. Patients admitted in 2019 were defined as the pre-COVID-19 group, while those admitted in 2023 were classified as the post-COVID-19 group. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups. Subsequently, comparison of the clinical severity among the two groups was performed based on propensity score matching (PSM). Furthermore, the subjects in the post-COVID-19 group were divided into severe and non-severe groups based on clinical severity. Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for pairwise comparison between groups, and multivariate Logistic regression was applied for the identification of independent risk factors and construction of the prediction model. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve were employed to evaluate the predictive performance of this model. Results: Among the 959 children hospitalized with RSV infection, there were 555 males and 404 females, with an onset age of 15.4 (7.3, 28.5) months. Of which, there were 331 cases in the pre-COVID-19 group and 628 cases in the post-COVID-19 group. The peak period of RSV hospitalization in the post-COVID-19 group were from May to October 2023, and the monthly number of inpatients for each of these months were as follows: 72 cases (11.5%), 98 cases (15.6%), 128 cases (20.4%), 101 cases (16.1%), 65 cases (10.4%), and 61 cases (9.7%), respectively. After PSM for general data, 267 cases were matched in each group. The proportion of wheezing in the post-COVID-19 group was lower than that in the pre-COVID-19 group (109 cases (40.8%) vs. 161 cases (60.3%), χ2=20.26, P<0.001), while the incidences of fever, tachypnea, seizures, severe case, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels were all higher than those in the pre-COVID-19 group (146 cases (54.7%) vs. 119 cases (44.6%), 117 cases (43.8%) vs. 89 cases (33.3%), 37 cases (13.9%) vs. 14 cases (5.2%), 69 cases (25.8%) vs. 45 cases (16.9%), 3.6 (1.9, 6.4) vs. 2.3 (1.8, 4.6), 9.9 (7.1, 15.2) vs. 7.8 (4.5, 13.9) mg/L, 20.5 (15.7, 30.4) vs. 17.2 (11.0, 26.9) ng/L, χ2=5.46, 6.36, 11.47, 6.42, Z=4.13, 3.06, 2.96, all P<0.05). There were 252 cases and 107 cases with co-infection in the post-and pre-COVID-19 groups, respectively. The proportion of triple and quadruple infection in the post-COVID-19 group was higher than that in the pre-COVID-19 group (59 cases (23.4%) vs. 13 cases (12.1%), 30 cases (11.9%) vs. 5 cases (4.7%), χ2=5.94, 4.46, both P<0.05). Among the 252 cases with co-infection in post-COVID-19 group, the most prevalent pathogens involving in co-infections, in order, were Mycoplasma pneumoniae 56 cases (22.2%), Influenza A virus 53 cases (21.0%), Rhinovirus 48 cases (19.0%), Parainfluenza virus 35 cases (13.9%), and Adenovirus 28 cases (11.1%).The result of multivariate Logistic regression showed that age (OR=0.70, 95%CI 0.62-0.78, P<0.001), underlying diseases (OR=10.03, 95%CI 4.10-24.55, P<0.001), premature birth (OR=6.78, 95%CI 3.53-13.04, P<0.001), NLR (OR=1.85, 95%CI 1.09-3.15, P=0.023), and co-infection (OR=1.28, 95%CI 1.18-1.38, P<0.001) were independently associated with the development of severe RSV infection in the post-COVID-19 group. The ROC curve of the prediction model integrating the above five factors indicated an area under the curve of 0.85 (95%CI 0.80-0.89, P<0.001), with an optimal cutoff of 0.21, a sensitivity of 0.83 and a specificity of 0.80. The calibration curve showed that the predicted probability in this model did not differ significantly from the actual probability (P=0.319). Conclusions: In the post-COVID-19 era in Kunming, the peak in pediatric hospitalizations for RSV infection was from May to October, with declined incidence of wheezing and increased incidence of fever, tachypnea, seizures, severe cases, and rates of triple and quadruple co-infections. Age, underlying diseases, premature birth, NLR, and co-infection were identified as independent risk factors for severe RSV infection in the post-COVID-19 period. In this study, a risk prediction model for severe pediatric RSV infection was established, which had a good predictive performance.
目的： 比较昆明地区新型冠状病毒感染疫情前及后疫情时期呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）感染住院患儿流行病学及临床特征变化，并建立后疫情时期儿童重症RSV感染风险预测模型。 方法： 回顾性病例总结。收集昆明市儿童医院呼吸与危重症医学科2019年1至12月和2023年1至12月两个时期RSV感染住院的959例患儿的流行病学、临床及实验室特征。2019年入院患儿为疫情前组，2023年入院患儿为后疫情组。比较两组患儿流行病学及临床特征，同时基于倾向性评分匹配（PSM）比较两组患儿的病情严重度，并根据病情轻重进一步将初始后疫情组分为重症组和非重症组。组间比较采用χ2检验及Mann-Whitney U检验，多因素Logistic回归分析重症危险因素并建立预测模型，受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线及校准曲线评价模型性能。 结果： 959例RSV感染住院患儿中男555例、女404例，就诊年龄15.4（7.3，28.5）月龄，其中疫情前组331例、后疫情组628例。后疫情组住院高峰期为2023年5至10月，分别为72例（11.5%）、98例（15.6%）、128例（20.4%）、101例（16.1%）、65例（10.4%）、61例（9.7%）。PSM后，疫情前组和后疫情组各267例。后疫情组喘息比例低于疫情前组［109例（40.8%）比161例（60.3%），χ2=20.26，P<0.001］，后疫情组发热、呼吸急促、抽搐、重症、中性粒与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、C反应蛋白及白细胞介素6水平均高于疫情前组［146例（54.7%）比119例（44.6%）、117例（43.8%）比89例（33.3%）、37例（13.9%）比14例（5.2%）、69例（25.8%）比45例（16.9%）、3.6（1.9，6.4）比2.3（1.8，4.6）、9.9（7.1，15.2）比7.8（4.5，13.9）mg/L、20.5（15.7，30.4）比17.2（11.0，26.9）ng/L，χ2=5.46、6.36、11.47、6.42、Z=4.13、3.06、2.96，均P<0.05］。后疫情组及疫情前组中合并混合感染分别为252例和107例，后疫情组混合感染中三重、四重感染比例均高于疫情前组［59例（23.4%）比13例（12.1%）、30例（11.9%）比5例（4.7%），χ2=5.94、4.46，均P<0.05］。后疫情组252例混合感染常见于肺炎支原体56例（22.2%）、甲型流感病毒53例（21.0%）、鼻病毒48例（19.0%）、副流感病毒35例（13.9%）和腺病毒28例（11.1%）。多因素Logistic回归分析示后疫情组就诊年龄（OR=0.70，95%CI 0.62~0.78，P<0.001）、合并基础疾病（OR=10.03，95%CI 4.10~24.55，P<0.001）、早产（OR=6.78，95%CI 3.53~13.04，P<0.001）、NLR（OR=1.85，95%CI 1.09~3.15，P=0.023）、混合感染（OR=1.28，95%CI 1.18~1.38，P<0.001）均与重症RSV感染独立相关。ROC曲线结果显示基于独立危险因素建立的重症预测模型曲线下面积为0.85（95%CI 0.80~0.89，P<0.001），最佳预测截断值0.21，灵敏度0.83，特异度0.80；采用校准曲线对模型进行准确性验证，校准曲线接近理想曲线，具有良好校准度（P=0.319）。 结论： 后疫情时期昆明地区儿童RSV感染住院高峰为5至10月，临床上喘息减少，但发热、呼吸急促、抽搐、重症、三重及四重混合感染比例增加。年龄、基础疾病、早产、NLR、混合感染是后疫情时期RSV感染导致重症的独立危险因素。建立的儿童RSV重症风险模型其具有良好的预测能力。.

Objective: To analyze the clinical features of children with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) confirmed by pathology. Methods: The clinical manifestations, imaging, pathology, treatment and outcome data of 4 children with COP confirmed by thoracoscopic lung biopsy were retrospectively analyzed, who were hospitalized at Respiratory Department of Shenzhen Children\'s Hospital from January 2004 to December 2022. Results: All of the 4 patients were male, the age ranged from 1 year 3 months to 14 years. The time from onset to diagnosis was 3 months to 3 years. The follow-up duration was 6 months to 6 years. All the 4 cases had cough, 2 cases had tachypnea and wheezing, 1 case had expectoration, 1 case had chest pain, 1 case had decreased activity tolerance and weight loss. Rales in 2 cases and hypoxemia in 1 case. Pulmonary high resolution CT showed diffuse distribution, involvement of both lungs in 3 cases, and single lung combined migration in 1 case.Three cases showed ground-glass opacity, consolidation, patchy or fibrous strips, and 1 case presented air bronchogram and \"reversed halo sign\". All the 4 cases were performed thoracoscopic lung biopsy, and the pathological findings showed cellulose exudate or small nodules filled with granulation tissue or fibroblasts in the alveolar cavity and small airways, and 1 case was Masson corpuscle positive. Three patients achieved remission after glucocorticoid therapy. Spontaneous remission without treatment was seen in 1 patient.Two cases were followed up for 17 months and 6 years, respectively, who had excellent outcome. Conclusions: The manifestations of COP in children include cough, expectoration and chest pain. Infants and young children may have tachypnea and wheezing. The most common chest CT findings are diffuse distribution of ground-glass opacity, patchy and consolidation in both lungs. Diagnosis should depend on pathological examination. The effect of glucocorticoid therapy is good.
目的： 分析经病理确诊的隐源性机化性肺炎（COP）患儿的临床特征。 方法： 回顾性分析2004年1月至2022年12月深圳市儿童医院呼吸科经胸腔镜肺活检确诊的4例COP患儿的临床表现、影像、病理、治疗及转归等资料。 结果： 4例COP患儿均为男性，就诊年龄1岁3月龄至14岁，确诊时间3个月至3年，随访时间6个月至6年。4例均有咳嗽症状，气促及喘息2例（均为婴幼儿），咳痰、胸痛各1例，活动耐受性及体重下降1例。体征为干啰音2例、低氧血症1例。肺高分辨CT表现弥漫分布及双肺受累各3例、单肺叶受累并游走性1例。磨玻璃影、实变、斑片或条索影3例，支气管充气征及“反晕征”1例。4例患儿经胸腔镜肺活检，病理显示肺泡腔及小气道内纤维素渗出液或充满肉芽组织或纤维母细胞构成的小结节，Masson小体阳性1例。3例给予糖皮质激素治疗后缓解，1例未治疗自发缓解。失访2例，其余2例患儿分别随访至1年5个月及6年时预后良好。 结论： 儿童COP表现为咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛，婴幼儿有气促或喘息症状，肺CT以双肺弥漫分布的磨玻璃影、斑片影、实变常见，确诊需依靠病理检查。糖皮质激素治疗效果好。.

Purpose To achieve ultra-high temporal resolution (approximately 20 msec) in free-breathing, real-time cardiac cine MRI using golden-angle radial sparse parallel (GRASP) reconstruction amplified with view sharing (VS) and k-space-weighted image contrast (KWIC) filtering. Materials and Methods Fourteen pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (mean age [SD], 9 years ± 2; 13 male) and 10 adult patients with arrhythmia (mean age, 62 years ± 8; nine male) who underwent both standard breath-hold cine and free-breathing real-time cine using GRASP were retrospectively identified. To achieve high temporal resolution, each time frame was reconstructed using six radial spokes, corresponding to acceleration factors ranging from 24 to 32. To compensate for loss in spatial resolution resulting from over-regularization in GRASP, VS and KWIC filtering were incorporated. The blur metric, visual image quality scores, and biventricular parameters were compared between clinical and real-time cine images. Results In pediatric patients, the incorporation of VS and KWIC into GRASP (ie, GRASP + VS + KWIC) produced significantly (P < .05) sharper x-y-t (blur metric: 0.36 ± 0.03, 0.41 ± 0.03, 0.48 ± 0.03, respectively) and x-y-f (blur metric: 0.28 ± 0.02, 0.31 ± 0.03, 0.37 ± 0.03, respectively) component images compared with GRASP + VS and conventional GRASP. Only the noise score differed significantly between GRASP + VS + KWIC and clinical cine; all visual scores were above the clinically acceptable (3.0) cutoff point. Biventricular volumetric parameters strongly correlated (R2 > 0.85) between clinical and real-time cine images reconstructed with GRASP + VS + KWIC and were in good agreement (relative error < 6% for all parameters). In adult patients, the visual scores of all categories were significantly lower (P < .05) for clinical cine compared with real-time cine with GRASP + VS + KWIC, except for noise (P = .08). Conclusion Incorporating VS and KWIC filtering into GRASP reconstruction enables ultra-high temporal resolution (approximately 20 msec) without significant loss in spatial resolution. Keywords: Cine, View Sharing, k-Space-weighted Image Contrast Filtering, Radial k-Space, Pediatrics, Arrhythmia, GRASP, Compressed Sensing, Real-Time, Free-Breathing Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2024.

Foxb1 -expressing neurons occur in the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) and further rostrally in the parvafox nucleus, a longitudinal cluster of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus of rodents. The descending projection of these Foxb1+ neurons end in the dorsolateral part of the periaqueductal gray (dlPAG). The functional role of the Foxb1+ neuronal subpopulation in the PMd and the parvafox nucleus remains elusive. In this study, the activity of the Foxb1+ neurons and of their terminal endings in the dlPAG in mice was selectively altered by employing chemo- and optogenetic tools. Our results show that in whole-body barometric plethysmography, hM3Dq-mediated, global Foxb1+ neuron excitation activates respiration. Time-resolved optogenetic gain-of-function manipulation of the terminal endings of Foxb1+ neurons in the rostral third of the dlPAG leads to abrupt immobility and bradycardia. Chemogenetic activation of Foxb1+ cell bodies and ChR2-mediated excitation of their axonal endings in the dlPAG led to a phenotypical presentation congruent with a \'freezing-like\' situation during innate defensive behavior.

暂无摘要。

BACKGROUND: Abdominal trauma is one of the common reasons for emergency visits yet there is paucity of data about the subject in the horn of Africa. This study was aimed at determining the determinants of adverse management outcomes of blunt abdominal trauma among operated patients at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia.
METHODS: This was a three-year retrospective review conducted among 128 patient records selected using purposive sampling in which all records for the patients operated for a diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma during the study period were included. A pretested checklist was used to extract the data relating to adverse outcomes and characteristics of the patients. A descriptive analysis followed by logistic regression was done.
RESULTS: Of the 128 patients, adverse management outcomes related to blunt abdominal trauma occurred in 52%. Patients residing in rural areas (adjusted odds ratio 3.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.13-9.24) and those with tachycardia, (adjusted odds ratio = 3.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.19-8.83) or tachypnea (adjusted odds ratio 3.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.19-8.83) were more likely to have adverse management outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: Adverse management outcomes are relatively high and associated with rural residence and deranged vital signs (tachycardia and tachypnea). Close monitoring targeting patients from rural residence and those presenting with tachycardia and tachypnea is recommended.

BACKGROUND: Many rapid response system (RRS) events are activated using multiple triggers. However, the patterns in which multiple RRS triggers occur together to activate RRS events are unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify these patterns (RRS trigger clusters) and determine their association with outcomes among hospitalized adult patients.
METHODS: RRS events among adult patients from January 2015 to December 2019 in the Get With The Guidelines- Resuscitation registry\'s MET module were examined (n = 134,406). Cluster analysis methods were performed to identify RRS trigger clusters. Pearson\'s chi-squared and ANOVA tests were used to examine differences in patient characteristics across RRS trigger clusters. Multilevel logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between RRS trigger clusters and outcomes.
RESULTS: Six RRS trigger clusters were identified. Predominant RRS triggers for each cluster were: tachypnea, new onset difficulty in breathing, decreased oxygen saturation (Cluster 1); tachypnea, decreased oxygen saturation, staff concern (Cluster 2); respiratory depression, decreased oxygen saturation, mental status changes (Cluster 3); tachycardia, staff concern (Cluster 4); mental status changes (Cluster 5); hypotension, staff concern (Cluster 6). Significant differences in patient characteristics were observed across clusters. Patients in Clusters 3 and 6 had an increased likelihood of in-hospital cardiac arrest (p < 0.01). All clusters had an increased risk of mortality (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: We discovered six novel RRS trigger clusters with differing relationships to adverse patient outcomes. RRS trigger clusters may prove crucial in clarifying the associations between RRS events and adverse outcomes and aiding in clinician decision-making during RRS events.