UNASSIGNED: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare aggressive tumor that can be hormone or non-hormone secreting. It is usually associated with fatal outcomes due to its physiological hormonal interaction. We report a successful anaesthetic and surgical management for a patient who presented to us with a huge hemorrhagic ACC which was complicated with acute respiratory failure.
UNASSIGNED: A 56-year-old lady presented to us with progressive abdominal distension and right hypochondriac pain for two months. She was anemic with elevated liver enzymes. Urgent computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis showed a huge right supra renal mass. She subsequently developed respiratory failure due to splinting of diaphragm, of which successfully underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomy. Subsequent endocrine and histopathological work up showed an adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC).
UNASSIGNED: Suprarenal masses usually originate from the adrenal glands. They should be investigated to rule out phaeochromocytoma, which originate from the inner adrenal medulla or outer cortex to form ACC. The latter usually occur in women and of poor prognosis. Huge ACC may cause acute respiratory failure by way of splinting of diaphragm. Both anaesthetic and surgical teams should be well trained in handling patients who undergo adrenal surgeries.
UNASSIGNED: A giant hemorrhagic functional ACC is extremely uncommon with very poor prognosis. Such conditions should be investigated to rule out phaeochromocytoma. Its potential neuro-hormonal interactions and anatomical correlations can cause fatal perioperative cardio-respiratory embarrassment. The anaesthetic and surgical teams should be capable in managing the hemodynamic instabilities that may present during surgical manipulation and resection of a large ACC.

OBJECTIVE: The differential diagnosis for prenatal suprarenal masses (SRMs) is broad and includes neuroblastoma, adrenal hemorrhage, and subdiaphragmatic extralobar pulmonary sequestration (SEPS). We sought to elucidate the appropriate postnatal management for fetuses found to have an SRM.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patients prenatally diagnosed with SRM at our institution between 1998 and 2018. Prenatal characteristics, imaging, and neonatal outcomes were collected. We also performed a PubMed literature search and pooled analysis of all patients with a prenatally diagnosed SRM previously described in the literature.
RESULTS: The literature review yielded 32 studies, of which 19 were single case reports. In our case series, 12 patients were included. Seven patients were delivered vaginally, one was terminated. Postnatal diagnoses included: SEPS (n = 5), adrenal hemorrhage (n = 3), polycystic kidney (n = 2), splenic cyst (n = 1), and unknown for one patient. All but two of the final diagnoses had been on the initial diagnostic differential. With the exception of the terminated fetus, all remain alive today. On pooled analysis, patients who underwent operative management were diagnosed later 32 versus 24 weeks and had a significant predominance of left-sided lesions (59.5 versus 39.2%). The published literature demonstrates a trend toward observation versus resection over the past 30 years.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients prenatally diagnosed with an SRM have an excellent prognosis. Our series demonstrates a high incidence of SEPS, which were all resected, and adrenal hemorrhage, which were observed with repeat imaging. These patients can be followed with serial postnatal ultrasounds to determine the diagnosis prior to deciding the appropriate treatment.

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an extremely rare tumour. We are reporting a 45-year-male patient who had a history of sudden severe worsening epigastric pain and fullness in abdomen, with giddiness. The radiological investigations showed a large right suprarenal mass with extensive destruction and retroperitoneal haemorrhage, with extra capsular, periportal and liver metastases. Exploratory laparotomy was done for excisions of mass and surrounding tissue. On histopathological examination, diagnosis was given as Adreno Cortical Carcinoma with capsular, vascular, and soft tissue nodular involvement.

Prenatal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging of suprarenal fetal masses is presented, along with clinical information and follow-up. Imaging pearls and differential considerations for each diagnosis will be discussed. Fetal suprarenal mass diagnoses include neuroblastoma, extralobar pulmonary sequestration, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, partial multicystic dysplastic kidney, renal duplication, urinoma, gastric duplication cyst, and splenic cyst. Recognizing the range of malignant and benign suprarenal fetal masses that can present on prenatal imaging can help guide patient counseling and management.

Pulmonary sequestration is a rare malformation, wherein a portion of lung is non-functional and is not in normal continuity with the tracheo-bronchial tree, and may derive its blood supply from systemic vessels. Two types are described: Intralobar and extralobar types. Intralobar sequestration is more common type, which shares visceral pleura of the involved lobe and is localized within the normal pulmonary parenchyma. Whereas extralobar forms are uncommon and are totally separate from the lung and usually have own covering. Infra-diaphragmatic pulmonary sequestration is of extralobar type and is extremely rare, and usually is associated with other congenital malformations. We present an extremely rare case of isolated infra-diaphragmatic pulmonary sequestration which was antenatally detected and followed up with postnatal CT scan, where it masqueraded as suprarenal mass, and was surgically treated. This case emphasises to add a differential diagnosis of malformation in congenital supra-renal masses, which remain stable in size and appearance, and hence avoid immediate surgery.