上腔静脉和下腔静脉血栓,孤立的或与远端深静脉血栓形成有关,并不常见,但赋予潜在的严重发病率和死亡率。发病率在增加,尤其是血管内装置的突出。治疗方案的范围也在扩大,包括医疗管理,手术,和血管内技术,由于较低的再介入率和降低的围手术期发病率,现在通常被认为是一线治疗。目前,没有筛查或治疗的官方指南。本文回顾了病因,诊断,和腔静脉血栓形成的管理,包括设备,程序步骤,结果,和并发症,特别是关于血管内技术,如导管溶栓,药物机械导管溶栓,血管成形术,和支架。
Thromboses of the superior and inferior vena cava, either isolated or associated with distal deep venous thrombosis, are uncommon, but confer potentially serious morbidity and mortality. Incidence is increasing, especially with the prominence of intravascular devices. The range of treatment options is also expanding to include medical management, surgery, and endovascular techniques which are now frequently considered first line therapy due to lower reintervention rates and decreased periprocedural morbidity. Currently, there are no official guidelines for screening or treatment. This article reviews the etiology, diagnosis, and management of caval thromboses, including equipment, procedural steps, outcomes, and complications, particularly with regard to endovascular techniques, such as catheter-directed thrombolysis, pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis, angioplasty, and stenting.