Sugarcane-based products are inherently rich in elements such as silicon, carbon and nitrogen. As such, these become ideal precursors for utilization in a wide array of application fields. One of the appealing areas is to transform them into nanomaterials of high interest that can be employed in several prominent applications. Among nanomaterials, sugarcane products based on silica nanoparticles (SNPs), carbon dots (CDs), metal/metal oxide-based NPs, nanocellulose, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), and nano biochar are becoming increasingly reported. Through manipulation of the experimental conditions and choosing suitable starting precursors and elements, it is possible to devise these nanomaterials with highly desired properties suited for specific applications. The current review presents the findings from the recent literature wherein an effort has been made to convey new development in the field of sugarcane-based products for the synthesis of the above-mentioned nanomaterials. Various nanomaterials were systematically discussed in terms of their synthesis and application perspectives. Wherever possible, a comparative analysis was carried out to highlight the potential of sugarcane products for the intended purpose as compared to other biomass-based materials. This review is expected to stand out in delivering an up-to-date survey of the literature and provide readers with necessary directions for future research.
This review focuses on sugarcane-derived nanomaterials such as silica, nano cellulose, nanofibers, nanocrystals and metal/nonmetal nanoparticles and their application in various energy and environmental fields.

Preservative ingredients in cosmetic formulations undertake a necessary role in the prevention of microbial contamination. In this field, there is an unmet need for natural, sustainable, and effective preservatives. Thus, the main goal of this work was to evaluate a sugarcane straw extract-based ingredient and investigate its potential as a preservative for cosmetic applications. Different ingredients were developed using several cosmetic solvents to improve the solubility of the extracted compounds. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The 1,2-hexanediol was the solvent that allowed us to achieve the ingredient (20% dry extract dispersed in 25% 1,2-hexanediol in water) with the best antimicrobial performance, showing a minimum inhibitory concentration of between 5% and 3% (I). The 5% (w/v) concentration of this ingredient complied with the USP51 standards for cosmetic preservatives. Real-time (25 °C, 65% RH) and accelerated stability (40 °C, 75% RH) tests were conducted to determine the ingredient stability, and it was found that one month of storage time at room temperature would be ideal for better ingredient stability and performance in terms of composition, pH, color, and antioxidant activity.

The sugarcane industry generates byproducts that contribute to the proliferation of Stomoxys calcitrans. An analysis was carried out to verify the efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 and H. baujardi LPP7 at different vinasse temperatures to control S. calcitrans larvae. Ten fly larvae were deposited in plastic containers containing four mL of 50% vinasse. Each treatment consisted of 300 EPN/larvae of H. bacteriophora added to the containers and heated at temperatures of 25, 28, 31, 34, 37 and 40 °C. The same treatments were performed using H. baujardi. The treatments were carried out in a BOD incubator at 25 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 10% RH, and each treatment was replicated six times. The treated groups, controls and temperatures showed no statistical differences in terms of larval mortality rate (P=0.8573), percentage of dead pupae (P=0.1782) and adult emergence (P=0.4386). Larval mortality rates of 30% and 14.17% were achieved with H. bacteriophora and H. baujardi, respectively, while the control groups presented 3.89% with H. bacteriophora and 8.61% with H. baujardi. From the standpoint of temperatures, significant differences were found only at 37 and 40 °C for H. baujardi. The highest pupal mortality achieved with H. bacteriophora was 34.17% at 31 °C, while that reached with H. baujardi at 37 °C was 40%. The groups containing H. bacteriophora caused lower adult emergence rates at temperatures of 25, 28, 31 and 34 °C, while H. baujardi caused its lowest emergence rates at 37 and 40 °C. It is concluded that infection occurs in the immature stages of S. calcitrans by EPN when added to 50% vinasse solution at different temperatures and that nematodes caused negative effects on the emergence of fly larvae at varying temperatures.
A indústria da cana-de-açúcar gera subprodutos que ajudam na proliferação de Stomoxys calcitrans. Uma análise foi realizada para verificar a eficiência de Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 e H. baujardi LPP7 em diferentes temperaturas de vinhaça no controle de larvas de S. calcitrans. Dez larvas da mosca foram depositadas em recipientes plásticos contendo quatro mL de vinhoto à 50%. Em cada tratamento adicionou-se 300 NEP/larva de H. bacteriophora, aquecidos nas temperaturas de 25, 28, 31, 34, 37 e 40 °C. Os mesmos tratamentos foram realizados utilizando e H. baujardi. Os tratamentos foram realizados e mantidos em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 1 °C e 70 ± 10% UR, foram realizadas seis repetições para cada tratamento. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos tratados, controles e temperaturas para taxa de mortalidade de larval (P=0,8573), percentual de pupas mortas (P=0,1782) e emergência de adultos (P=0,4386). Foram observadas taxas de mortalidade larval de 30% e 14,17% para H. bacteriophora e H. baujardi, respectivamente, enquanto os grupos controles apresentaram 3,89% no H. bacteriophora e 8,61% H. baujardi. Na avaliação das temperaturas, foram observadas diferenças significativas apenas nas temperaturas 37 e 40 °C de H. baujardi. A maior mortalidade pupal observada para H. bacteriophora foi de 34,17% quando em 31 °C, já para H. baujardi na temperatura de 37 °C apresentou 40% de mortalidade. Houve menor emergência de adultos nas temperaturas de 25, 28, 31 e 34 °C nos grupos com H. bacteriophora, já H. baujardi causou as menores taxas de emergência quando em 37 e 40 °C. Conclui-se que ocorre infecção nos estágios imaturos de S. calcitrans por NEP quando adicionados à solução de vinhoto a 50% em diferentes temperaturas e que os nematoides causaram efeitos negativos na emergência da mosca em temperaturas variadas.

Utilizing visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometrics methods has been widespread for identifying plant diseases. However, a key obstacle involves the extraction of relevant spectral characteristics. This study aimed to enhance sugarcane disease recognition by combining convolutional neural network (CNN) with continuous wavelet transform (CWT) spectrograms for spectral features extraction within the Vis-NIR spectra (380-1400 nm) to improve the accuracy of sugarcane diseases recognition. Using 130 sugarcane leaf samples, the obtained one-dimensional CWT coefficients from Vis-NIR spectra were transformed into two-dimensional spectrograms. Employing CNN, spectrogram features were extracted and incorporated into decision tree, K-nearest neighbour, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and random forest (RF) calibration models. The RF model, integrating spectrogram-derived features, demonstrated the best performance with an average precision of 0.9111, sensitivity of 0.9733, specificity of 0.9791, and accuracy of 0.9487. This study may offer a non-destructive, rapid, and accurate means to detect sugarcane diseases, enabling farmers to receive timely and actionable insights on the crops\' health, thus minimizing crop loss and optimizing yields.

12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid reductases (OPRs) perform vital functions in plants. However, few studies have been reported in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), and it is of great significance to systematically investigates it in sugarcane. Here, 61 ShOPRs, 32 SsOPRs, and 36 SoOPRs were identified from R570 (Saccharum spp. hybrid cultivar R570), AP85-441 (Saccharum spontaneum), and LA-purple (Saccharum officinarum), respectively. These OPRs were phylogenetically classified into four groups, with close genes similar structures. During evolution, OPR gene family was mainly expanded via whole-genome duplications/segmental events and predominantly underwent purifying selection, while sugarcane OPR genes may function differently in response to various stresses. Further, ScOPR2, a tissue-specific OPR, which was localized in cytoplasm and cell membrane and actively response to salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate, and smut pathogen (Sporisorium scitamineum) stresses, was cloned from sugarcane. In addition, both its transient overexpression and stable overexpression enhanced the resistance of transgenic plants to pathogen infection, most probably through activating pathogen-associated molecular pattern/pattern-recognition receptor-triggered immunity, producing reactive oxygen species, and initiating mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Subsequently, the transmission of SA and hypersensitive reaction were triggered, which stimulated the transcription of defense-related genes. These findings provide insights into the function of ScOPR2 gene for disease resistance.

Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) perceive calcium signals triggered by abiotic stress and interact with CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) to form a complex signal network. This study identified 21 SsCBL and 89 SsCIPK genes in Saccharum spontaneum, and 90 ScCBL and 367 ScCIPK genes in the sugarcane cultivar ZZ1. Phylogenetic analysis classified CBL genes into three groups and CIPK genes into twenty-five groups, with whole-genome duplication events promoting their expansion in sugarcane. RNA-seq analysis revealed their involvement in abiotic stress responses through ABA, JA, and SA pathways. Four ScCBLs and eight ScCIPKs were cloned from ZZ1. Three CBL-CIPK interactions were detected using a yeast two-hybrid system and Firefly luciferase complementation imaging, showing CBLs as membrane proteins and CIPKs as nuclear proteins. Spatial expression profiles indicate these genes are expressed in various tissues, with the highest expression in roots. Gene expression analyses suggested that CBL-CIPK signaling networks are involved in responses to drought, salt, and reactive oxygen species, possibly through Ca2+-induced hormone pathways. These findings establish three CBL-CIPK signaling networks responding to abiotic stress, providing a molecular basis for improving sugarcane stress resistance.

In this study, a model was developed to simulate the effect of temperature ( T $T$ ) and initial substrate concentration ( S 0 ${S}_{0}$ ) on the ethanol concentration limit ( P max ${P}_{\\max }$ ) using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To achieve this, regressions were performed using data provided by other authors for P max ${P}_{\\max }$ to establish a model dependent on T $T$ and S 0 ${S}_{0}$ capable of predicting results with statistical significance. After constructing the model, a response surface was generated to determine the conditions where P max ${P}_{\\max }$ reaches higher values: temperatures between 28°C and 32°C and an initial substrate concentration around 200 g/L. Thus, the proposed model is consistent with the observations that increasing temperatures decrease the ethanol concentration obtained, and substrate concentrations above 200 g/L lead to a reduction in ethanol concentration even at low temperatures such as 28°C.

Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) can reduce sugarcane productivity. A novel detection system based on reverse transcription-multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (RT-MIRA) combined with CRISPR-Cas12a, named RT-MIRA-CRISPR-Cas12a, was developed. This innovative approach employs crude leaf extract directly as the reaction template, streamlining the extraction process for simplicity and speed. Combining RT-MIRA and CRISPR-Cas12a in one reaction tube increases the ease of operation while reducing the risk of aerosol contamination. In addition, it exhibits sensitivity equivalent to qPCR, boasting a lower detection limit of 25 copies. Remarkably, the entire process, from sample extraction to reaction completion, requires only 52-57 minutes, just a thermostat water bath. The result can be observed and judged by the naked eye.IMPORTANCESugarcane yellow leaf disease (SCYLD) is an important viral disease that affects sugarcane yield. There is an urgent need for rapid, sensitive, and stable detection methods. The reverse transcription-multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification combined with CRISPR-Cas12a (RT-MIRA-CRISPR-Cas12a) method established in this study has good specificity and high sensitivity. In addition, the system showed good compatibility and stability with the crude leaf extract, as shown by the fact that the crude extract of the positive sample could still be stably detected after 1 week when placed at 4°C. RT-MIRA-CRISPR-Cas12a, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to detect SCYLV on 33 sugarcane leaf samples collected from the field, and it was found that the three methods reached consistent conclusions. This Cas12a-based detection method proves highly suitable for the rapid on-site detection of the SCYLV.

The present investigation was taken up to study the G × E interaction and stability in 14 sugarcane clones during 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 at four different locations namely Pantnagar, Kashipur, Dhanauri (Haridwar), and Dhakrani (Dehradun) for cane yield (CY) and sugar yield (SY) at the 10-month and 12-month stages. The research aimed to identify stable, high-yielding sugarcane clones adaptable to diverse environmental conditions, enhancing productivity and profitability for farmers in Uttarakhand, India. The combined ANOVA revealed significant differences among the clones (22.20% to 29.54% variation), environments (35% to 39.62% variation), and their interactions (19.91% to 24.16% variation) for CY and SY at both stages. To analyze the stability of genotypes and G × E interactions, the GGE biplot method was employed. The first two PCs explained 77.94% for CY, 74.39% for SY at the 10-month stage, and 81.01% for SY at 12-month stage of the total variation of the GGE model. The GGE biplots revealed that for CY, the mega-environment exhibited CoPant 16222 and CoPant 16223 as the winning genotypes. For SY at the 10-month stage, CoPant 17221 and CoPant 16222 were the best clones in two different mega-environments, while at the 12-month stage, the mega-environment showed CoPant 16222 and CoPant 16223 as the winning genotypes. Dehradun (2020) and Kashipur (2020) were identified as the best test environments for selecting widely and specifically adapted genotypes, respectively, for CY and SY at the 10-month as well as 12-month stages. In a nutshell, GGE biplot analysis identified the best-performing sugarcane clones and best test environments in Uttarakhand, India. Clone CoPant 16222 showed high mean performance and stability for cane and sugar yield, making it suitable for recommendation to farmers.

UNASSIGNED: Access to credit and information and communication technology (ICT) plays a pivotal role in enhancing the practices of small-scale sugarcane farmers, impacting their financial, social, and economic wellbeing. However, many small-scale farmers need help accessing these resources, thereby affecting their ability to generate sustainable income. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing the adoption of ICT and access to credit and their subsequent impact on small-scale farmers\' income.
UNASSIGNED: Employing a multistage sampling technique, 300 small-scale farmers were selected as participants in the study. The recursive bivariate probit regression model was used to assess the factors affecting adoption ICT and a selectivity-corrected ordinary least square regression model was utilized to estimate the synergistic effect of ICT adoption and access to credit on the income of small-scale sugarcane farmers.
UNASSIGNED: The findings revealed that approximately 77% of small-scale farmers had access to credit, while more than 80% had adopted ICT. The results derived from the recursive bivariate probit (RBP) regression model indicated that access to credit, education, and extension support positively and significantly influenced the adoption of ICT. Conversely, marital status and non-farm income exhibited a negative and significant influence on the adoption of ICT. Gender and marital status were positively and significantly associated with access to credit, whereas age, education, and non-farm income showed a negative and significant relationship on access to credit. Subsequently, a selectivity-corrected ordinary least square regression model analysis revealed that factors such as gender, marital status, extension, government support, and transportation costs positively and significantly influenced farmer\'s income. In contrast, education, employment status, and non-farm income exhibited a negative and significant influence on income.
UNASSIGNED: The study concludes that socio-demographic factors, such as gender, marital status, extension support, government support, and transportation costs, positively contribute to farmers\' income. Small-scale sugarcane farmer involvement in other non-farm activities is associated with reduced farm income. This implies that farmers\' livelihoods options are reduced as they can only focus on sugarcane development as a source of income. There is a pressing need to educate small-scale farmers on ICT and provide them with access to agricultural credit. Additionally, extension workers should offer advisory support to small-scale farmers requiring assistance in accessing agricultural credit. There is a need to train sugarcane farmers on different agricultural income generating activities to reduce their over-reliance on sugarcane development. By addressing the identified socio-demographic factors and implementing targeted policy interventions, stakeholders can foster an enabling environment for small-scale farmers to thrive, ultimately contributing to the sustainable development of the sugarcane sector and the broader agricultural landscape in South Africa.