丙烯酰胺是在美拉德反应中形成的酰胺,以天冬酰胺为主要氨基酸前体。大量丙烯酰胺的摄入已在动物的激素敏感组织中引起基因毒性和致癌作用。肟天冬酰胺酶是降低马铃薯等食品中丙烯酰胺形成的最有效方法之一。然而,到目前为止,咖啡的感官结果报告并不令人满意。这项研究旨在通过用天冬酰胺酶处理来生产丙烯酰胺含量降低的咖啡,同时保留其原始的感官和生物活性特征。三个阿拉伯咖啡的原始样本,包括两杯特制咖啡,用1000、2000和3000ASNU的酶处理其中一罐咖啡。天冬酰胺和生物活性化合物(绿原酸-CGA,咖啡因,和三角碱)通过HPLC和LC-MS定量测定生豆和烤豆中的含量,同时用CG-MS测定烤豆中的丙烯酰胺和挥发性有机化合物。可溶性固体,可滴定酸度,还测定了pH值。还进行了Q-graders的专业拔罐和消费者感官测试。结果由方差分析-Fisher分析,MFA,PCA和聚类分析,显著性水平设置为p≤0.05。仅蒸汽处理就使丙烯酰胺含量降低了18.4%,平均而言,和6.1%的中烤阿拉伯咖啡和canefora咖啡。当使用1000-3000ASNU时,在中等烘烤的阿拉比卡豆中观察到丙烯酰胺的形成平均减少了32.5-56.0%。在canefora样本中,观察到59.4-60.7%的减少。然而,蒸汽处理主要导致中等烘烤的阿拉比卡样品中的总CGA和内酯减少17.1-26.7%,而食道样品中的总CGA和内酯减少13.9-22.0%,当Trigonelline的变化时,咖啡因,和其他评估的化学参数,包括挥发性的配置文件是最小的。增加酶负荷略微升高酸度。Q-graders和/或消费者在处理样品中观察到的唯一感官变化是酸度适度增加,当3000ASNU用于酸度较低的样品时,在对照样品中失去轻度异味,和增加感觉描述符的感知。选择前者是考虑到用2000和3000ASNU负荷处理的豆类的化学结果相似。
Acrylamide is an amide formed in the Maillard reaction, with asparagine as the primary amino acid precursor. The intake of large amounts of acrylamide has induced genotoxic and carcinogenic effects in hormone-sensitive tissues of animals. The enzime asparaginase is one of the most effective methods for lowering the formation of acrylamide in foods such as potatoes. However, the reported sensory outcomes for coffee have been unsatisfactory so far. This study aimed to produce coffees with reduced levels of acrylamide by treating them with asparaginase while retaining their original sensory and bioactive profiles. Three raw samples of Coffea arabica, including two specialty coffees, and one of Coffea canephora were treated with 1000, 2000, and 3000 ASNU of the enzyme. Asparagine and bioactive compounds (chlorogenic acids-CGA, caffeine, and trigonelline) were quantified in raw and roasted beans by HPLC and LC-MS, while the determination of acrylamide and volatile organic compounds was performed in roasted beans by CG-MS. Soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH were also determined. Professional cupping by Q-graders and consumer sensory tests were also conducted. Results were analyzed by ANOVA-Fisher, MFA, PCA and Cluster analyses, with significance levels set at p ≤ 0.05. Steam treatment alone decreased acrylamide content by 18.4%, on average, and 6.1% in medium roasted arabica and canefora coffees. Average reductions of 32.5-56.0% in acrylamide formation were observed in medium roasted arabica beans when 1000-3000 ASNU were applied. In the canefora sample, 59.4-60.7% reductions were observed. However, steam treatment primarily caused 17.1-26.7% reduction of total CGA and lactones in medium roasted arabica samples and 13.9-22.0% in canefora sample, while changes in trigonelline, caffeine, and other evaluated chemical parameters, including the volatile profiles were minimal. Increasing enzyme loads slightly elevated acidity. The only sensory changes observed by Q-graders and or consumers in treated samples were a modest increase in acidity when 3000 ASNU was used in the sample with lower acidity, loss of mild off-notes in control samples, and increased perception of sensory descriptors. The former was selected given the similarity in chemical outcomes among beans treated with 2000 and 3000 ASNU loads.