UNASSIGNED: Sexual pleasure is central to current understandings of sexual function, health, and wellbeing. In this article, we suggest that we lack a sufficiently specific, yet encompassing, definition of sexual pleasure and that we therefore lack comprehensive assessments of sexual pleasure. We introduce a definition of sexual pleasure and position it centrally in an adapted framework of the sexual response. In the framework, we include a taxonomy of rewards which can be retrieved from sex and thereby aim to capture the multifaceted nature of sexual pleasure.
UNASSIGNED: Through narrative review, we arrive at the definition, framework, and taxonomy by integrating theories of sexual motivation and response with the literature on sexual pleasure and basic rewards. We position this literature within theories of affect and personality which allows us to differentiate between the experience of and the tendency to experience sexual pleasure (i.e., state versus trait sexual pleasure). We discuss how this conceptualization of sexual pleasure could be reflected in self-report assessments to quantitatively assess sexual pleasure.
UNASSIGNED: The framework may aid to understand the role of the diverse facets of sexual pleasure in sexual function, health, and wellbeing and contribute to giving sexual pleasure the center position it deserves in sex research and therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Neuroimaging studies investigating the neural substrates of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia have yielded mixed results, which may be reconciled by network localization. We sought to examine whether AVH-state and AVH-trait brain alterations in schizophrenia localize to common or distinct networks.
METHODS: We initially identified AVH-state and AVH-trait brain alterations in schizophrenia reported in 48 previous studies. By integrating these affected brain locations with large-scale discovery and validation resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets, we then leveraged novel functional connectivity network mapping to construct AVH-state and AVH-trait dysfunctional networks.
RESULTS: The neuroanatomically heterogeneous AVH-state and AVH-trait brain alterations in schizophrenia localized to distinct and specific networks. The AVH-state dysfunctional network comprised a broadly distributed set of brain regions mainly involving the auditory, salience, basal ganglia, language, and sensorimotor networks. Contrastingly, the AVH-trait dysfunctional network manifested as a pattern of circumscribed brain regions principally implicating the caudate and inferior frontal gyrus. Additionally, the AVH-state dysfunctional network aligned with the neuromodulation targets for effective treatment of AVH, indicating possible clinical relevance.
CONCLUSIONS: Apart from unifying the seemingly irreproducible neuroimaging results across prior AVH studies, our findings suggest different neural mechanisms underlying AVH state and trait in schizophrenia from a network perspective and more broadly may inform future neuromodulation treatment for AVH.

The current study investigated the assessment of depression, anxiety, and stress during normal and COVID-19 pandemic conditions. Generalisability theory (G-theory) was applied to examine stable and dynamic aspects of psychological distress and the overall reliability of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21), using data from two independent samples collected on three occasions with 2- to 4-week intervals. The US data (n = 115) was collected before the COVID-19 pandemic, and the New Zealand (NZ) data (n = 114) was obtained during the pandemic. The total DASS-21 demonstrated excellent reliability in measuring enduring symptoms of psychological distress (G = .94-.96) across both samples. While all DASS-21 subscales demonstrated good reliability with the pre-pandemic US sample, the subscales\' reliability was below an acceptable level for the NZ sample. Findings from this study indicate that the overall psychological distress is enduring and can be reliably measured by the DASS-21 across different conditions and populations, while shifts across depression, anxiety and stress levels are likely during emergency and uncertainty, as seen in the COVID-19 pandemic.

UNASSIGNED: Evaluating comprehensive reliability of the Vietnamese Self-Compassion Scale (VSCS) and its ability to distinguish between trait (stable) vs state (dynamic) aspects of self-compassion using Generalisability Theory (G-Theory) is necessary. This investigation contributes to both reliability and validity of research that uses the VSCS to measure self-compassion in Vietnamese adults.
UNASSIGNED: In a sample of 155 Vietnamese adults who completed the VSCS at three occasions that were each 2 weeks apart, a G-study was conducted to measure reliability and trait vs state aspects of each VSCS subscale and the short-form VSCS, and a D-study was conducted to examine the effects of removing subscales on overall scale reliability as well as evaluate trait vs state aspects of each item.
UNASSIGNED: With G-coefficients of 0.93-0.98, both the complete and short-form VSCS (VSCS-SF) demonstrated excellent reliability in measuring trait self-compassion. Three of the six subscales-self-judgement, mindfulness, and kindness-also demonstrated excellent reliability, with G-coefficients of 0.82-0.85. Eighteen of the 26 items measured trait more than state. The remaining eight items reflected a mixture of trait and state, but this did not affect overall reliability.
UNASSIGNED: This study indicated that the VSCS, VSCS-SF, and three VSCS subscales reliably measured trait self-compassion, with scores generalisable across the Vietnamese population and occasions. Thus, overall self-compassion levels remained stable over time, which is useful for evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention because significant changes of self-compassion are likely to be long-lasting.
UNASSIGNED: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12671-022-01950-3.