soil available phosphorus

  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    未来磷(P)短缺可能会严重影响陆地生产力和粮食安全。我们调查了中国森林表层土壤有效磷(AP)和总磷(TP)的变化,草原,稻田,基于大量重复的土壤磷测量(1980年代为63,220个样本,2000年,和2010年代)和机器学习技术。在20世纪80年代和2010年代之间,土壤总AP存量以0.13kgPha-1year-1的小但显著的速率增加,但是在四个生态系统中,土壤总TP储量大幅下降(4.5kgPha-1year-1)。我们通过协调这一时期来自各种来源的P通量来量化土壤-植物系统的P预算。将几十年来土壤含量的趋势与磷预算和通量相匹配,我们发现,与施肥相比,由于巨大的土壤TP池以及通过植物吸收和水蚀而导致的大量土壤P流失,抵消了P的增加,因此耕地(尤其是高地农田)中的P过剩可能被高估。我们对中国磷赤字的发现对未来生物质生产的可持续性(尤其是森林)提出了警告。强调农田磷回收的紧迫性,并强调国家一级基础数据在指导应对全球P危机的健全政策方面的关键作用。
    Future phosphorus (P) shortages could seriously affect terrestrial productivity and food security. We investigated the changes in topsoil available P (AP) and total P (TP) in China\'s forests, grasslands, paddy fields, and upland croplands during the 1980s-2010s based on substantial repeated soil P measurements (63,220 samples in the 1980s, 2000s, and 2010s) and machine learning techniques. Between the 1980s and 2010s, total soil AP stock increased with a small but significant rate of 0.13 kg P ha-1  year-1 , but total soil TP stock declined substantially (4.5 kg P ha-1  year-1 ) in the four ecosystems. We quantified the P budgets of soil-plant systems by harmonizing P fluxes from various sources for this period. Matching trends of soil contents over the decades with P budgets and fluxes, we found that the P-surplus in cultivated soils (especially in upland croplands) might be overestimated due to the great soil TP pool compared to fertilization and the substantial soil P losses through plant uptake and water erosion that offset the P additions. Our findings of P-deficit in China raise the alarm on the sustainability of future biomass production (especially in forests), highlight the urgency of P recycling in croplands, and emphasize the critical role of country-level basic data in guiding sound policies to tackle the global P crises.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    磷(P)被认为是草地生态系统中的主要限制因子之一。土壤速效磷缺乏可影响土壤胞外酶活性,这对微生物代谢至关重要。然而,在气候变暖的背景下,土壤有效磷如何影响荒漠草原的土壤胞外酶活性和微生物养分限制尚不清楚。
    这项研究在沙漠草原上进行了短期的开放式腔室(OTC)实验,以检查变暖的影响,P加法,以及它们对土壤性质的相互作用,土壤胞外酶的活性,和化学计量。
    研究结果表明,在该实验区域中,土壤获取酶的C:N:P化学计量比为1.2:1:1.5,偏离了全球平均尺度(1:1:1)。增温增加了土壤AN(铵态氮和硝态氮)含量,降低了微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)。磷的添加提高了土壤有效磷和微生物生物量磷(MBP)的含量。荒漠草原土壤胞外酶活性和化学计量在很大程度上受到土壤AN的影响,MBC:MBP,MBN:MBP。这些结果表明,短期增温和磷添加引起的土壤有效养分和化学计量的变化可以影响土壤微生物活性,减轻土壤微生物的碳磷限制。我们的发现强调了土壤有效磷在调节荒漠草原土壤胞外酶活性和微生物养分限制中起着至关重要的作用。对土壤微生物群落的进一步研究应该探索这些发现背后的微生物机制。
    Phosphorus (P) is regarded as one of the major limiting factors in grassland ecosystems. Soil available phosphorus deficiency could affect soil extracellular enzyme activity, which is essential for microbial metabolism. Yet it is still unclear how soil available phosphorus affects soil extracellular enzyme activity and microbial nutrient limitation of desert steppe in the context of climate warming.
    This study carried out a short-term open-top chambers (OTCs) experiment in a desert steppe to examine the effects of warming, P addition, and their interaction on soil properties, the activities of soil extracellular enzymes, and stoichiometries.
    The findings demonstrated that soil acquisition enzyme stoichiometry of C: N: P was 1.2:1:1.5 in this experiment region, which deviated from the global mean scale (1:1:1). Warming increased soil AN (ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen) contents and decreased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). Phosphorus addition raised soil available phosphorus and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) contents. Soil extracellular enzyme activities and stoichiometries in desert steppe are largely impacted by soil AN, MBC: MBP, and MBN: MBP. These results revealed that the changes of soil available nutrients and stoichiometries induced by short-term warming and P addition could influence soil microbial activities and alleviate soil microbial carbon and phosphorus limitation. Our findings highlight that soil available phosphorus played a critical role in regulating soil extracellular enzyme activity and microbial nutrient limitation of desert steppe. Further research on soil microbial communities should explore the microbiological mechanisms underlying these findings.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    磷(P)缺乏阻碍棉花(GossypiumhirustumL.)的生长和发育,严重影响皮棉产量和纤维质量。然而,目前尚不清楚磷肥如何影响纤维长度。
    因此,使用分裂地块设计进行了为期两年(2019-2020)的泳池培养实验,以两个棉花品种(CCRI-79;耐低磷和SCRC-28;低磷敏感)为主要地块。在地块上施用了三种土壤有效磷(AP)含量(P0:3±0.5,P1:6±0.5和P2(对照),15±0.5mgkg-1),作为子图,研究土壤AP含量对棉纤维伸长率和长度的影响。
    低土壤AP(P0和P1)降低了棉纤维中渗透活性溶质的含量,包括钾离子(K+),苹果酸,可溶性糖,和蔗糖,2.2-10.2%,14.4-47.3%,8.7-24.5%,和10.1-23.4%,分别,通过渗透调节抑制液泡促进纤维伸长。此外,土壤AP缺乏也降低了参与纤维伸长的酶的活性(质膜H+-ATPase(PM-H+-ATPase),液泡膜H+-ATP酶(V-H+-ATP酶),液泡膜H+转运无机焦磷酸酶(V-H+-PPase),和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC))。PM-H+-ATP酶,V-H+-ATP酶,V-H+-PPase,PEPC减少了8.4-33.0%,7.0-33.8%,14.1-38.4%,和16.9-40.2%,分别,抑制渗透活性溶质的跨膜运输和纤维细胞壁的酸化条件,从而限制了纤维的伸长。同样,土壤AP缺乏使纤维长度减少0.6-3.0毫米,主要是由于纤维伸长的最大速度(VLmax)减少了3.8-16.3%。此外,在低土壤AP下,上果枝位置(FB10-11)具有较高的VLmax和较长的纤维长度。
    具有较高苹果酸含量和V-H-ATPase和V-H-PPase活性的棉纤维产生较长的纤维。与CCRI-79相比,SCRC-28纤维中的苹果酸和可溶性糖含量以及V-H-ATPase和PEPC活性对土壤AP缺乏更敏感,这可能解释了SCRC-28纤维长度对低土壤AP的敏感性。
    UNASSIGNED: Phosphorus (P) deficiency hinders cotton (Gossypium hirustum L.) growth and development, seriously affecting lint yield and fiber quality. However, it is still unclear how P fertilizer affects fiber length.
    UNASSIGNED: Therefore, a two-year (2019-2020) pool-culture experiment was conducted using the split-plot design, with two cotton cultivars (CCRI-79; low-P tolerant and SCRC-28; low-P sensitive) as the main plot. Three soil available phosphorus (AP) contents (P0: 3 ± 0.5, P1: 6 ± 0.5, and P2 (control) with 15 ± 0.5 mg kg-1) were applied to the plots, as the subplot, to investigate the impact of soil AP content on cotton fiber elongation and length.
    UNASSIGNED: Low soil AP (P0 and P1) decreased the contents of the osmotically active solutes in the cotton fibers, including potassium ions (K+), malate, soluble sugar, and sucrose, by 2.2-10.2%, 14.4-47.3%, 8.7-24.5%, and 10.1-23.4%, respectively, inhibiting the vacuoles from facilitating fiber elongation through osmoregulation. Moreover, soil AP deficiency also reduced the activities of enzymes participated in fiber elongation (plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM-H+-ATPase), vacuole membrane H+-ATPase (V-H+-ATPase), vacuole membrane H+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-H+-PPase), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)). The PM-H+-ATPase, V-H+-ATPase, V-H+-PPase, and PEPC were reduced by 8.4-33.0%, 7.0-33.8%, 14.1-38.4%, and 16.9-40.2%, respectively, inhibiting the transmembrane transport of the osmotically active solutes and acidified conditions for fiber cell wall, thus limiting the fiber elongation. Similarly, soil AP deficiency reduced the fiber length by 0.6-3.0 mm, mainly due to the 3.8-16.3% reduction of the maximum velocity of fiber elongation (VLmax). Additionally, the upper fruiting branch positions (FB10-11) had higher VLmax and longer fiber lengths under low soil AP.
    UNASSIGNED: Cotton fibers with higher malate content and V-H+-ATPase and V-H+-PPase activities yielded longer fibers. And the malate and soluble sugar contents and V-H+-ATPase and PEPC activities in the SCRC-28\'s fiber were more sensitive to soil AP deficiency in contrast to those of CCRI-79, possibly explaining the SCRC-28 fiber length sensitivity to low soil AP.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Epichloe内生菌,存在于地上组织中,改变地下微生物群落。进行这项研究是为了研究与高羊茅(黑麦草)相关的内生菌(Epichloecoenophialum)与改变的盐碱胁迫(0、200和400mmol/l)相互作用,以影响地下磷溶解微生物,包括磷溶解真菌(PSF)和细菌(PSB)。我们发现,高羊茅根中PSF的多样性和组成与盐碱胁迫之间存在显着相互作用。在盐碱胁迫条件下(200和400mmol/l),E.coenophialum显着增加了PSF的多样性,并改变了其在根中的组成,降低优势枝孢霉的相对丰度,增加镰刀菌的相对丰度。然而,高羊茅根中PSB多样性与盐碱胁迫之间没有显着相互作用。E.coenophalum显着降低了根中PSB的多样性,和E.coenophialum的影响不依赖于盐碱胁迫处理。结构方程模型(SEM)表明,在盐碱胁迫下,E.coenophalum的存在主要通过影响PSF多样性而不是PSB的多样性和组成来增加土壤有效磷浓度。
    Epichloë endophytes, present in aboveground tissues, modify belowground microbial community. This study was conducted to investigate endophyte (Epichloë coenophialum) associated with tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) interacted with an altered saline-alkali stress (0, 200 and 400 mmol/l) to affect the belowground phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms including phosphorus solubilizing fungi (PSF) and bacteria (PSB). We found that a significant interaction between E. coenophialum and saline-alkali stress occurred in the diversity and composition of PSF in tall fescue roots. Under saline-alkali stress conditions (200 and 400 mmol/l), E. coenophialum significantly increased the PSF diversity and altered its composition in the roots, decreasing the relative abundance of dominant Cladosporium and increasing the relative abundance of Fusarium. However, there was no significant interaction between E. coenophialum and saline-alkali stress on the PSB diversity in tall fescue roots. E. coenophialum significantly reduced the diversity of PSB in the roots, and E. coenophialum effects did not depend on the saline-alkali stress treatment. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that E. coenophialum presence increased soil available phosphorus concentration under saline-alkali stress primarily by affecting PSF diversity instead of the diversity and composition of PSB.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    明显的非生长季节变暖和土壤冻融(F-T)循环的变化可以显着改变土壤与大气之间的净甲烷(CH4)交换速率。然而,在寒冷的高山生态系统中,对F-T循环不同阶段的变暖对CH4吸收的影响程度和驱动因素知之甚少,已被发现是大气CH4的净汇。这里,经过5年的增温实验,我们报道了青藏高原高寒草甸全年生态系统每天吸收CH4,其中包括对照,低水平加温处理(+2.4℃,5厘米土壤深度),和高水平增温处理(+4.5℃,5厘米土壤深度)。我们发现,在低水平变暖的情况下,变暖会缩短F-T周期,而在高水平变暖的情况下,土壤不会冻结。尽管两种加温处理都增加了平均CH4吸收速率,与对照组相比,只有高水平的变暖显着增加了每年的CH4吸收量。增温对CH4吸收的刺激主要发生在寒冷季节,这主要是在低水平变暖下的春季解冻期间,以及在高水平变暖下的冰冻冬季,由于土壤融化的时间较长。我们还发现,变暖主要通过在温暖季节减少近地表土壤含水量来显著刺激每日CH4的吸收,而在秋季冻结期间,土壤含水量和温度都以不同的方式控制每日CH4的吸收,冰冻的冬天,和春季解冻期的控制。我们的研究表明,在整个F-T周期中,高寒草甸对CH4的吸收具有强烈的增温作用,尤其是不冻的冬天。我们的结果还表明了土壤pH值的重要作用,有效磷,和甲烷菌丰度在响应变暖而调节年度CH4吸收方面,应将其纳入生物地球化学模型,以准确预测未来气候情景下的CH4通量。
    Pronounced nongrowing season warming and changes in soil freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles can dramatically alter net methane (CH4 ) exchange rates between soils and the atmosphere. However, the magnitudes and drivers of warming impacts on CH4 uptake in different stages of the F-T cycle are poorly understood in cold alpine ecosystems, which have been found to be a net sink of atmospheric CH4 . Here, we reported a year-round ecosystem daily CH4 uptake in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau after a 5-year warming experiment that included a control, a low-level warming treatment (+2.4℃ at 5 cm soil depth), and a high-level warming treatment (+4.5℃ at 5 cm soil depth). We found that warming shortened the F-T cycle under the low-level warming and soils did not freeze under the high-level warming. Although both warming treatments increased the mean CH4 uptake rate, only the high-level warming significantly increased annual CH4 uptake compared to the control. The warming-induced stimulation of CH4 uptake mainly occurred in the cold season, which was mostly during spring thaw under low-level warming and during the frozen winter under high-level warming due to a longer period with thawed soil. We also found that warming significantly stimulated daily CH4 uptake mainly by reducing near-surface soil water content in the warm season, whereas both soil water content and temperature controlled daily CH4 uptake in different ways during the autumn freeze, frozen winter, and spring thaw periods of the control. Our study revealed a strong warming effect on CH4 uptake during the entire F-T cycle in the alpine meadow, especially the unfrozen winter. Our results also suggested the important roles of soil pH, available phosphorus, and methanotroph abundance in regulating annual CH4 uptake in response to warming, which should be incorporated into biogeochemical models for accurately forecasting CH4  fluxes under future climate scenarios.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    土壤有效氮(AN)和有效磷(AP)在特定约束下的联合超标风险及其空间不确定性对于指导污染物的联合调控至关重要,但以前的研究很少考虑。此外,传统使用的空间模拟模型不仅不稳健,而且忽略了有价值的分类信息(例如,土地利用类型),这可能会阻碍高精度空间仿真结果的获取。本研究首先建立了最佳稳健半变异函数估计器,以识别金坛县土壤AN和AP的空间异常值,中国。然后,提出了具有土地利用类型(RSGS-LU)的鲁棒序贯高斯模拟(RSGS),SGS-LU,和SGS在空间模拟精度。最后,提出了在特定约束条件下的联合超标概率模型,并划定了相应的高风险区域,以进行土壤AN和AP的联合调控。结果表明:(I)确定了土壤AN和AP的23和17个空间异常值,分别;(ii)去除异常值或结合土地利用类型可以提高土壤AN和AP的空间模拟精度;(iii)RSGS-LU对土壤AN和AP均产生最高的空间模拟精度;(iv)联合超过标准的区域(AP>30mgkg-1÷AN>130mgkg-1)概率>75%占该县面积的9.98%。结论在特定约束条件下的RSGS-LU和联合超标概率模型可以为区域尺度土壤AN和AP的联合调控提供更准确和灵活的空间决策支持。此外,本研究推荐的方法也为其他多种土壤污染物的联合超标风险评估提供了有价值的工具。
    Joint standard-exceeding risk and its spatial uncertainty of soil available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) under the specific constraints are essential for guiding the joint regulation of pollutants but were rarely considered by previous studies. Moreover, traditionally-used spatial simulation models are not only non-robust but also ignoring valuable categorical information (e.g., land-use types), which may hinder the acquisition of high-precision spatial simulation results. This study first established optimally robust semi-variogram estimators to identify the spatial outliers of soil AN and AP in Jintan County, China. Then, robust sequential Gaussian simulation (RSGS) with land-use types (RSGS-LU) was proposed and further compared with RSGS, SGS-LU, and SGS in the spatial simulation accuracy. Last, a joint standard-exceeding probability model under the specific constraints was proposed, and the corresponding high-risk areas were delineated for the joint regulation of soil AN and AP. Results showed that: (i) 23 and 17 spatial outliers were identified for soil AN and AP, respectively; (ii) removing outliers or combining land-use types could improve the spatial simulation accuracy of soil AN and AP; (iii) RSGS-LU generated the highest spatial simulation accuracy for both soil AN and AP; (iv) the area with the joint standard-exceeding (AP > 30 mg kg-1∪ AN > 130 mg kg-1) probability >75% accounted for 9.98% of the county\'s area; (iv) the area with the joint standard-exceeding (AP > 30 mg kg-1∩ AN > 130 mg kg-1) probability >75% accounted for 2.29% of the county\'s area. It is concluded that RSGS-LU and joint standard-exceeding probability model under the specific constraints could provide more accurate and flexible spatial decision support for the joint regulation of soil AN and AP at a regional scale. Moreover, the methods recommended in this study also provide valuable tools for the joint standard-exceeding risk assessment of other multiple soil pollutants.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    The potential to use calcium phosphite (Ca-Phi) as phosphorus (P) fertilizer may represent an effective recycling of P-containing by-products. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Ca-Phi (38 kg P ha-1) on soil properties and the growth parameters of four green manure species in clay and sandy soils using Ca-Phi, TSP (triple superphosphate) and control (no fertilization) as treatments. Eight weeks after sowing, we measured aboveground biomass yield, phosphite (Phi) concentration in plant biomass, different soil P pools as well as microbial biomass nutrients. Compared to control, the addition of Ca-Phi did not negatively affect green manure yield, except for lupine (Lupinus albus L.) in clay soil. The Phi concentration in plant biomass varied across species and soil type with a maximum concentration of about 400 mg Phi kg-1 for mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in clay soil. Compared to control, TSP and Ca-Phi fertilization had a similar effect on different P pools and microbial biomass nutrients (C, N and P) although the response was soil-type dependent. In the sandy soil, after Ca-Phi addition the amount of available P (PNHCO3) increased to the same extent as in the TSP treatment (i.e. around 6 mg P kg-1) suggesting that Ca-Phi was, at least partly, oxidized. In the clay soil with high P fixing capacity, Ca-Phi promoted higher PNaHCO3 than TSP likely due to different solubility of chemical P forms. Additional studies are however required to better understand soil microbial responses and to quantify the P agronomical efficiency for the following crop under Ca-Phi fertilization.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Biochar is a potential source for improving soil fertility and crop yield by enhancing phosphorus (P) availability. But the information on quantitative effect of biochar addition on soil P availability is still limited. To address this query, we conducted a meta-analysis with 507 data from 95 eligible literature. The results showed that irrespective of biochar characters (raw material, C:N ratio, pyrolysis temperature, application rate), soil characteristics (texture, pH, organic carbon content), and fertilizer application, biochar addition significantly improved soil available P content by 57.6%. Meanwhile, biochar addition promoted P utilization of crops. The response ratios of plant P concentration to biochar addition were generally lower than those of soil available P. The average response ratio of plant P concentration was 30.6%. The biochars, derived from livestock manure, low-temperature pyrolysis, with lower C:N ratio, alkaline, or higher application rate, were more effective to improve soil available P content and plant P concentration in sandy and loamy soils. For main enzymes involved in P cycle, biochar addition increased activity of alkaline phosphatase (2.8%) but decreased the acid phosphatase activity (17.8%). Overall, biochar addition positively affects soil available and plant P concentration, but has a minute effect on soil phosphatase. The improvement of soil P availability might mainly be ascribed to a great amount of active P fractions in biochar itself.
    生物炭改善土壤肥力和提高作物产量的作用与土壤磷素有效性的提高密切相关,但是关于生物炭添加对土壤磷素有效性影响的定量效应尚不明确。本研究对95篇符合条件的文献中的507组数据进行整合分析,以评估生物炭添加对土壤磷素有效性的定量影响。结果表明: 不论生物炭原料、制备温度、C/N、施用量、配施化肥与否,以及土壤质地、pH、有机碳含量如何变化,生物炭添加均使土壤有效磷含量显著提高,平均较不添加对照提高57.6%。同时,生物炭添加促进了作物对磷的利用,但植株含磷量对不同添加条件下生物炭的响应程度基本上均低于土壤有效磷,部分条件下未达到显著水平,平均响应比为30.6%。在砂质和壤质土壤中,添加拥有较多灰分的畜禽粪便生物炭,以及较低C/N、低温裂解的碱性生物炭、较大施用量对增加土壤有效磷和植株磷含量更有效。作为土壤磷素循环的主要酶,生物炭添加使碱性磷酸酶活性平均增加2.8%,而酸性磷酸酶活性则平均降低17.8%。总体上,生物炭对土壤有效磷和植株磷含量有显著的正向效应,但对土壤磷酸酶活性的影响较小,磷素有效性的提高可能主要源于生物炭自身携带较高含量的有效磷组分。.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Plant-soil feedback is recognized as the mutual interaction between plants and soil microorganisms, but its role on the biological invasion of the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest by invasive plants still remains unclear. Here, we analyzed and compared the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities and soil characteristics from the root zone of invasive and native plants, and tested how these AMF communities affect the development of four invasive plant species (Cryptostegia madagascariensis, Parkinsonia aculeata, Prosopis juliflora, and Sesbania virgata). Our field sampling revealed that AMF diversity and frequency of the Order Diversisporales were positively correlated with the root zone of the native plants, whereas AMF dominance and frequency of the Order Glomerales were positively correlated with the root zone of invasive plants. We grew the invasive plants in soil inoculated with AMF species from the root zone of invasive (I changed) and native (I unaltered) plant species. We also performed a third treatment with sterilized soil inoculum (control). We examined the effects of these three AMF inoculums on plant dry biomass, root colonization, plant phosphorous concentration, and plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas. We found that I unaltered and I changed promoted the growth of all invasive plants and led to a higher plant dry biomass, mycorrhizal colonization, and P uptake than control, but I changed showed better results on these variables than I unaltered. For plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas and fungal inoculum effect on plant P concentration, we found positive feedback between changed-AMF community (I changed) and three of the studied invasive plants: C. madagascariensis, P. aculeata, and S. virgata.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    造林显着影响土壤化学和生物群,但是据我们所知,尚未在全球范围内分析其对潜在的生长限制性营养磷(P)的影响。我们对108篇文章中的220个独立采样点进行了全面的荟萃分析,以评估造林后土壤P变化的全球格局和控制。总的来说,植树造林后,矿质土壤顶部20厘米的总磷浓度下降了11%,总磷储量下降了12%,在可用P没有变化的情况下,造林以来的时间对总P没有一致的影响,而可用P随时间增加。先前的土地覆盖是造林后土壤P变化的最大影响因素,有效磷在原生植被上增加,但在农田上减少。造林使以前“退化”土地上的可用磷增加了22%,而没有减少总磷,但在非降解位点消耗了15%的总磷。气候也影响了土壤磷对造林的响应,热带地区磷损失较大。造林似乎没有直接诱导磷限制,由于有效磷只在农田上减少。然而,随着补充可用磷的能力下降,总磷的大幅下降可能会将热带种植园推向更大的磷限制。
    Afforestation significantly affects soil chemistry and biota, but its effects on the potentially growth-limiting nutrient phosphorus (P) had not to our knowledge been analyzed globally. We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 220 independent sampling sites from 108 articles to evaluate global patterns and controls of soil P change following afforestation. Overall, total P concentration decreased by 11% and total P stock by 12% in the top 20 cm of mineral soil following afforestation, with no change in available P. Time since afforestation had no consistent effect on total P, while available P tended to increase with time. Prior land cover was the most influential factor for soil P change after afforestation, with available P increasing on native vegetation but decreasing on cropland. Afforestation increased available P by 22% without decreasing total P on formerly \'degraded\' land, but depleted total P by 15% at nondegraded sites. Climate also influenced soil P response to afforestation, with larger P loss in the tropics. Afforestation did not appear to directly induce P limitation, as available P only decreased on cropland. However, substantial declines in total P may drive tropical plantations toward greater P limitation as the capacity to replenish available P decreases.
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