Molybdenum (Mo) is a rare and important element extensively utilised in aerospace, radar communications, optoelectronic devices, and the military. This study proposes an environmentally friendly physical method based on photon-phonon resonance absorption for the separation of Mo from sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4). We examined the vibrational spectrum of Na2MoO4 using the CASTEP code, employing first-principles density functional theory. Through dynamic process analysis, we analysed the vibrational modes and assigned peaks corresponding to experimental infrared (IR) and Raman data. We focused on the vibrational modes associated with Mo and identified that the highest-intensity IR-active peak at 858 cm-1 corresponded to Mo-O bond asymmetric stretching. Therefore, we propose the use of a high-power terahertz laser at ~25 THz to facilitate the separation of Mo from Na2MoO4. Experimental investigations are expected in the future.

Aluminum technical alloys are well known for their outstanding mechanical properties, especially after heat treatment. However, quenching and aging, which improve the mechanical properties, by the formation of Cu-rich zones and phases that are coherent with the matrix and block the dislocation motion, cause uneven distribution of the elements in the alloy and consequently make it prone to corrosion. One method providing satisfactory corrosion protection of aluminum alloys is anodizing. On an industrial scale, it is usually carried out in electrolytes containing chromates that were found to be cancerogenic and toxic. Therefore, much effort has been undertaken to find substitutions. Currently, there are many Cr(VI)-free substitutes like tartaric-sulfuric acid anodizing or citric-sulfuric acid anodizing. Despite using such approaches even on the industrial scale, Cr(VI)-based anodizing still seems to be superior; therefore, there is an urge to find more complex but more effective approaches in anodizing. The incorporation of anions into anodic alumina from the electrolytes is a commonly known effect. Researchers used this phenomenon to entrap various other anions and organic compounds into anodic alumina to change their properties. In this review paper, the impact of the incorporation of various corrosion inhibitors into anodic alumina on the corrosion performance of the alloys is discussed. It is shown that Mo compounds are promising, especially when combined with organic acids.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived nanocomposite has attracted extensive attention due to its tunable nanoscale cavities and high chemical tailorability. Herein, with the aim of developing a sensitive electrochemical sensor for p-nitrophenol, a novel MOFs-derived nanocomposite was prepared by the solvothermal method using Zr-MOFs, thiourea, and sodium molybdate as raw materials. By controlling the growth mode and reaction time, the nanohybrids displayed a superstructure composed of MOFs-derived carbon (MOFs-C) and MoS2. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that MOFs-C/MoS2 was a flower-like porous sphere. Transmission electron microscopic images showed that the MOFs-C/MoS2 had a unique arrow target-like structure. The porous structure held great promise for the fast mass transfer into the material, while the layer-by-layer distributed carbon and MoS2 provided a great structure for the synergistic catalysis. The electrochemical oxidation of (hydroxyamino)phenol to nitrosophenol, which is an important process for the electrochemical behavior of p-nitrophenol, can be selectively catalyzed by the MOFs-C/MoS2. Therefore, the electrochemical sensor based on the MOFs-C/MoS2 material exhibited excellent analytical performance in the determination of p-nitrophenol. Using the technique of square wave voltammetry, the peak current varied quantitatively with the presence of p-nitrophenol in the wide concentration range of 0.5-500 μM. Furthermore, the electrochemical sensor exhibited good practicability in real sample analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global non-communicable health problem. Fibrosis is considered the base and the fate of CKD; thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium molybdate on cisplatin-induced CKD model and demonstrate the possible involved mechanisms.
METHODS: In cisplatin model, Wistar rats were challenged with cisplatin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) twice weekly for ten weeks. Sodium molybdate (100 and 200 mg/kg, orally) was given one-week prior cisplatin and was continued daily for the next ten weeks.
RESULTS: Administration of sodium molybdate amended kidney function and significantly reduced the pathological changes in renal histopathological sections. Moreover, it modulates oxidative stress parameters by increasing the levels of SOD and GSH and decreasing the level of MDA. Likewise, in renal homogenate, sodium molybdate attenuated inflammation that was revealed by NF-κB and TNF-α levels significant reduction. Additionally, it ameliorated fibrosis that was indicated by decreased Masson\'s trichome staining in cortex and medulla. Immunohistochemical staining of renal sections against TGF-β1 showed reduction of positive glomerular and tubular protein expression. Additionally, it decreased profibrotic Smad3 level and increased antifibrotic Smad7 level.
CONCLUSIONS: Administration of sodium molybdate demonstrated a hopeful suppressor effect on cisplatin-induced CKD/fibrosis in rat model. This effect may be through the inhibition pof TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and up-regulation of Smad7 expression leading to decreased extracellular collagen accumulation. Moreover, they could ameliorate the inflammation through NF-κB and TNF-α levels reduction, decrease in ROS, and retrieval of antioxidant defenses.

Ovarian cancer has the most mortality of all gynecologic malignancies. High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is the most common and deadly type of ovarian cancer. Tumor recurrence occurs due to the emergence of chemotherapy resistance. Thus, searching for new therapeutic strategies is essential for the management of ovarian cancer. Deregulation of iron metabolism can be used by ovarian cancer cells to survive, proliferate and metastasize. Here we report that sodium molybdate, a soluble molybdenum (Mo) compound, induces the elevation of the labile iron pool (LIP) in ovarian cancer cells, correlated with the down-regulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix organization. Sodium molybdate also induces depletion of glutathione (GSH) through mediating the production of nitric oxide (NO). Elevation of LIP and depletion of GSH promote the ferroptosis of ovarian cancer cells. Meanwhile, nitric oxide induces mitochondrial damage through inhibiting mitochondrial aconitase activity, ATP production, and mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells. In vivo study shows that sodium molybdate reduces tumor burden in nude mice. Xenografts treated with sodium molybdate are characterized by obvious iron accumulation, increased expression of the iron storage protein ferritin, and lipid peroxide product 4-hydroxynonenal. In addition, an elevated percentage of apoptotic cells is observed in xenografts treated with sodium molybdate. Taken together, these results demonstrate that sodium molybdate can induce both ferroptosis and apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells, making it a potential therapeutic candidate for ovarian cancer.

This study reports a temperature-dependent Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction study of K2Mo2O7·H2O. The high-temperature Raman scattering analysis shows that the material remains structurally stable, with triclinic symmetry, in a temperature range from 300 to 413 K and undergoes a structural phase transition between 413 and 418 K. This phase transition is most likely connected with the dehydration process of K2Mo2O7·H2O. The temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction patterns are measured from 30 to 573 K. The results show that the discovered phase transition occurs between 419 and 433 K, in good agreement with the Raman scattering results. According to the Raman data, with increasing temperature, the dehydrated crystal of K2Mo2O7 undergoes a new phase transformation at 603 K and melts at ~843 K. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses are performed based on the treatment of the raw spectral data to infer the phase transformations occurring in the material. Assignments of the Raman modes for the K2Mo2O7 system at ambient conditions are studied through first-principles calculations based on density functional perturbation theory. These calculations are applied to understand the electronic properties, including the band structure and the associated projected density of states, of K2Mo2O7 under the local density approximation.

A train of bio-inspired nanotubular Na2MoO4/TiO2 composites were synthesized by using a natural cellulose substance (e.g., commercial ordinary filter paper) as the structural template. The TiO2 gel films were coated on the cellulose nanofiber surfaces via a sol-gel method firstly, followed with the deposition of the poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/Na2MoO4 (PDDA/Na2MoO4) bi-layers several times, through the layer-by-layer self-assembly route, yielding the (PDDA/Na2MoO4)n/TiO2-gel/cellulose composite, which was calcined in air to give various Na2MoO4/TiO2 nanocomposites containing different Na2MoO4 contents (15.4, 24.1, and 41.4%). The resultant nanocomposites all inherited the three-dimensionally porous network structure of the premier cellulose substance, which were formed by hierarchical TiO2 nanotubes anchored with the Na2MoO4 layers. When employed as anodic materials for lithium-ion batteries, those Na2MoO4/TiO2 nanocomposites exhibited promoted electrochemical performances in comparison with the Na2MoO4 powder and pure TiO2 nanotubes, which was resulted from the high capacity of the Na2MoO4 component and the buffering effects of the TiO2 nanotubes. Among all the nanotubular Na2MoO4/TiO2 composites, the one with a Na2MoO4 content of 41.4% showed the best electrochemical properties, such as the cycling stability with a capacity of 180.22 mAh g-1 after 200 charge/discharge cycles (current density: 100 mA g-1) and the optimal rate capability.

Molybdenum (Mo) is not only an important rare metal that is widely used in industrial production but also an essential trace element for plants and animals. Nevertheless, in Mo polluted areas, excess Mo intake will not only cause gout in humans but also cause diarrhea in livestock and growth inhibition of chickens. Heterophils extracellular traps (HETs) are an important way to clear pathogens in the innate immune system of the chicken. However, the effects of Mo on the innate immune responses of HETs formation in chicken, and the mechanism undergoing this phenomenon remain unknown. In the study, we firstly aim to investigate the effects of sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) on chicken HETs formation in vitro, and further to explore its related metabolic requirements and molecular mechanisms. Chicken heterophils were cultured with Na2MoO4, and Na2MoO4-induced HETs structures were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Moreover, Na2MoO4-induced HETs were quantified by Quant-iT PicoGreen® dsDNA Assay kits and fluorescence microplate. It has been shown that Na2MoO4 truly triggered HETs-like structures that were composed of DNA decorated with citrullinated histone 3 (citH3) and elastase. The inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway significantly reduced Na2MoO4-induced HETs formation. Further experiments on energy metabolism involving Na2MoO4-induced HETs formation showed that Na2MoO4-induced HETs release was relevant to glucose, and the inhibitors of glycolysis including 3PO, AZD23766 and 3-Bromopyuvic acid, the inhibitors of glucose transport including STF31 and Ritonavir and NSC23766 significantly decreased Na2MoO4-induced HETs formation. In summary, these results demonstrate that Mo does induce chicken HETs formation in vitro, and the formation of HETs is a process relying on glucose transport 1 (GLUT1)，glucose transport 4 (GLUT4), glycolysis, and ROS production depended on the activation of NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways, which also reflects the early innate immune responses of chicken against excessive molybdenum intake.

Sodium molybdate (Na-Mo-O) wrapped by graphene oxide (GO) composites have been prepared via a simple in-situ precipitation method at room temperature. The composites are mainly constructed with one dimension (1D) ultra-long sodium molybdate nanorods, which are wrapped by the flexible GO. The introduction of GO is expected to not merely provide more active sites for lithium-ions storage, but also improve the charge transfer rate of the electrode. The testing electrochemical performances corroborated the standpoint: The Na-Mo-O/GO composites delivers specific capacities of 718 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g-1, and 570 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at a high rate of 500 mA g-1; for comparison, the bare Na-Mo-O nanorod shows a severe capacity decay, which deliver only 332 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g-1. In view of the cost-efficient and less time-consuming in synthesis, and one-step preparation without further treatment, these Na-Mo-O nanorods/GO composites present potential and prospective anodes for LIBs.

The inhibition effect and mechanism of a compound calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) and sodium molybdate inhibitors for Q235 carbon steel in simulated carbonated concrete pore solution (pH 11.5) with 0.02 mol/L NaCl are studied using electrochemical and surface analysis techniques. The results show that in carbonated simulated concrete pore (SCP) solution CLS and Na₂MoO₄ show a synergistic inhibition effect. The compound inhibitor can be defined as mix-type inhibitor. With 400 ppm CLS plus 600 ppm Na₂MoO₄, the pitting potential moves positively about 200 mV, and the inhibition efficiency reaches 92.67%. After 24 h immersion, the IE% further increases up to 99.2%. The surface analysis results show that Na₂MoO₄ could promote stability of the passive film, and the insoluble molybdenum compounds and CaO/Ca(OH)₂, together with adsorbed CLS, deposit on the steel surface, forming a complex film. The compounded film effectively inhibits corrosion of the steel.