背景:缺乏家庭卫生设施,特别是厕所设施,会对妇女和女孩的安全产生不利影响,要求她们离开家庭独自和在夜间排便,让他们更容易遭受非婚性暴力。这项研究分析了印度家庭卫生设施获取与过去一年非婚性暴力(NMSV)受害之间的关系。
方法:我们分析了74,698名15-49岁的女性,这些女性在印度2015-16年全国家庭健康调查(NFHS-4)中收集了有关NMSV的信息。我们使用多变量逻辑回归来检验妇女的家庭卫生设施获取和最近的NMSV经验之间的关系,控制社会经济学(SES;例如,年龄,婚姻状况,种姓,财富,employment),对于总样本和按农村/城市分层,鉴于农村地区获得卫生设施的机会较少,NMSV较低。
结果:我们发现,在我们的样本中,有46.2%的家庭缺乏自己的私人卫生设施(农村占58.0%;城市占24.5%),被迫公开排便(37.3%)或步行到共享的卫生设施(8.9%),在过去的12个月中,有0.45%的妇女报告了NMSV(农村为0.33%;城市为0.68%)。我们的多变量模型表明,在总样本中,拥有私人家庭卫生设施和NMSV之间没有显着关联,但分层分析表明,农村妇女与城市妇女有显著关联。在印度农村,那些缺乏私人家庭卫生设施的人,与那些有家用厕所的人相比,NMSV的几率显着较大(AOR=2.45;p<0.05)。在考虑了包括年龄和婚姻状况在内的人口统计数据后,这些发现仍然存在。与边缘化相关的社会经济因素(例如,种姓,财富),妇女就业,以及国家的整体气候。
结论:这项研究的结果支持了先前的研究,该研究表明,在印度农村地区,卫生条件差与妇女患NMSV的风险有关。这可能是通过增加曝光,和/或作为对NMSV的更大脆弱性的标记,超出了其他SES指标的解释。解决方案可以包括增加获得私人家庭卫生设施的机会,并在印度农村地区更有针对性地预防NMSV。
BACKGROUND: Lack of household sanitation, specifically toilet facilities, can adversely affect the safety of women and girls by requiring them to leave their households to defecate alone and at night, leaving them more vulnerable to non-marital sexual violence. This study analyzes the association between household sanitation access and past year victimization from non-marital sexual violence (NMSV) in India.
METHODS: We analyzed 74,698 women age 15-49 from whom information on NMSV was collected in India\'s National Family Health Survey 2015-16 (NFHS-4). We used multivariable logistic regression to test the relationship between women\'s household sanitation access and recent NMSV experience, controlling for socioeconomics (SES;e.g., age, marital status, caste, wealth, employment), for the total sample and stratified by rural/urban, given lower access to sanitation and lower NMSV in rural contexts.
RESULTS: We found that 46.2% of households in our sample lacked their own private sanitation facilities (58.0% rural; 24.5% urban) and were forced to openly defecate (37.3%) or walk to a shared sanitation facility (8.9%), and 0.45% of women report NMSV in the last 12 months (0.33% rural; 0.68% urban). Our multivariable model indicated no significant association between having private household sanitation facilities and NMSV for the total sample, but stratified analyses indicate a significant association for rural but not urban women. In rural India, those who lack private household sanitation, compared to those with a household toilet, have significantly greater odds of NMSV (AOR = 2.45; p < 0.05). These findings persist after accounting for demographics including age and marital status, socio-economic factors related to marginalization (e.g., caste, wealth), women\'s employment, and the overall climate of the state.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study support prior research suggesting that poor access to sanitation is associated with women\'s risk for NMSV in rural India. This may be via increased exposure, and/or as a marker for greater vulnerability to NMSV beyond what is explained by other SES indicators. Solutions can include increased access to private household sanitation and more targeted NMSV prevention in rural India.