柔性热电设备(TED)表现出对曲面的适应性,在小规模发电和热管理方面具有巨大潜力。然而,它们经常损害可拉伸性,能量转换,或鲁棒性,从而限制了它们的应用。这里,3D软架构的实现,多功能复合材料,自愈液态金属导体,和刚性半导体被引入以克服这些挑战。这些TED非常可拉伸,在高达230%的应变水平下运作。他们独特的设计,通过多物理场模拟验证,在10°C的低温梯度下产生相当高的功率密度,为115.4µWcm-2。这是通过3D打印多功能弹性体并检查三种不同的隔热填充比(0%,12%,和100%)对热电能转换和结构完整性的影响。工程结构更轻,并有效地保持整个热电半导体的温度梯度,从而导致更高的输出电压和改善的加热和冷却性能。此外,这些热电发电机显示出显著的损伤耐受性,即使在50%应变下多次穿刺和2000次拉伸循环后仍保持完全功能。与3D打印散热器集成时,它们可以为可穿戴传感器供电,给电池充电,并通过在室温下清除人体热量来照亮LED,展示了它们作为自我可持续电子产品的应用。
Flexible thermoelectric devices (TEDs) exhibit adaptability to curved surfaces, holding significant potential for small-scale power generation and thermal management. However, they often compromise stretchability, energy conversion, or robustness, thus limiting their applications. Here, the implementation of 3D soft architectures, multifunctional composites, self-healing liquid metal conductors, and rigid semiconductors is introduced to overcome these challenges. These TEDs are extremely stretchable, functioning at strain levels as high as 230%. Their unique design, verified through multiphysics simulations, results in a considerably high power density of 115.4 µW cm⁻2 at a low-temperature gradient of 10 °C. This is achieved through 3D printing multifunctional elastomers and examining the effects of three distinct thermal insulation infill ratios (0%, 12%, and 100%) on thermoelectric energy conversion and structural integrity. The engineered structure is lighter and effectively maintains the temperature gradient across the thermoelectric semiconductors, thereby resulting in higher output voltage and improved heating and cooling performance. Furthermore, these thermoelectric generators show remarkable damage tolerance, remaining fully functional even after multiple punctures and 2000 stretching cycles at 50% strain. When integrated with a 3D-printed heatsink, they can power wearable sensors, charge batteries, and illuminate LEDs by scavenging body heat at room temperature, demonstrating their application as self-sustainable electronics.