The role of aquaporin proteins (AQPs) in tumor biology has attracted attention over the past 20 years. However, the expression profiles of AQPs in canine sebaceous gland tumors remain obscure. This study was performed to clarify the expression of AQP1, 3, 5, the most studied AQPs in tumor biology, in sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous epithelioma. Among these AQPs, only AQP3 was expressed in normal tissue and both tumor types and located to only undifferentiated sebocytes (basaloid cells). A cellular proliferation marker, Ki67, was detected only in the area including basaloid cells in both tumor types. These findings suggest that AQP3 is useful for clarifying the origin of sebaceous gland tumors, and that AQP3 may be related to sebaceous gland development.

This report focuses on sebaceous skin tumors, specifically sebaceous adenoma, sebaceoma, and sebaceous carcinoma, along with their association with Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS). A clinical case of a 25-year-old male with a suspected sebaceous neoplasm based on dermoscopy appearance is presented. The histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis and surgical management resulted in successful treatment. The report highlights the importance of considering differential diagnoses and utilizing dermoscopy for accurate evaluation of these rare skin tumors.

BACKGROUND: Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by mismatch repair (MMR) protein mutations. MTS increases the risk of developing skin and gastrointestinal tumors such as sebaceous adenomas (SAs), sebaceous carcinomas, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer. The risk of developing these types of tumors varies depending on the involved mutation and the individual\'s family history risk.
METHODS: A 47-year-old male presented with multiple skin lesions on the scalp, face, flank, and back. The examination revealed well-circumscribed, dome-shaped papules with a yellowish appearance with white oily material in the center. Histopathologic examination showed a well-circumscribed sebaceous neoplasm consistent with a mixture of basaloid cells and lobules of bland-appearing mature adipocytes that communicate directly to the surface epithelium. Focal cystic changes and peritumoral lymphocytic infiltrate were noted. Increased mitotic figures were seen in the basaloid cell component. The overall findings were consistent with the diagnosis of SAs. MMR staining showed preserved expression in MLH1 and PMS2 proteins, while MSH2 and MSH6 staining showed loss of protein expression. A screening colonoscopy showed numerous colon and rectal tumors, prompting concerns about the likelihood of MTS. Surgical intervention was pursued for complete resection. Histology revealed a diagnosis of mucinous adenocarcinoma/adenocarcinoma with mucinous features of the colon. The diagnosis of MTS was supported by molecular testing that revealed MSH2 germline mutation. The increased likelihood of MTS was attributed to the occurrence of SAs in unusual locations of the head and neck regions, unlike typical cases.
CONCLUSIONS: MTS is a rare clinical condition that necessitates prompt thorough evaluation and periodic surveillance. When SA is encountered in atypical locations, it is important to consider additional testing supported by immunohistochemical staining, molecular testing, and regular screening to exclude the likelihood of MTS.

Sebaceous adenoma (SA) is a rare solitary tumor that preferentially affects the forehead and scalp. The objective of this case report was to determine the efficacy and safety of a 10,600-nm carbon dioxide (CO2) laser device in the treatment of large scalp SA, using a new scanning system which allows to speed up the removal of the lesion. A 65-year-old male with SA on the scalp area underwent one session with the CO2 laser system. For this procedure, a new scanner system with 7-inch or 4-inch focal handpieces were used. A local anesthesia with lidocaine was performed before laser treatment. Some possible side effects such as dyschromia, burning sensation, bleeding and mild to moderate post-treatment erythema, itching, crusting, and edema, were checked. In order to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment, clinical photos that documented the patient lesion were captured before treatment and at 1 month of follow-up. The clinical and aesthetic results observed after laser procedure were excellent, with a complete remission of patient\'s scalp SA lesion at 4 weeks\' follow-up. Patient satisfaction was very high, and no side effects were observed. This laser system technology allows for precise, effective, and targeted action on the lesions treated while simultaneously protecting the surrounding areas, ensuring the best possible re-epithelialization.

BACKGROUND: This observational study aims to describe and compare histopathological, architectural, and nuclear characteristics of sebaceous lesions and utilized these characteristics to develop a predictive classification approach using machine learning algorithms.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on Iranian patients with sebaceous tumors from two hospitals between March 2015 and March 2019. Pathology slides were reviewed by two pathologists and the architectural and cytological attributes were recorded. Multiple decision tree models were trained using 5-fold cross validation to determine the most important predictor variables and to develop a simple prediction model.
RESULTS: This study assessed the characteristics of 123 sebaceous tumors. Histopathological findings, including pagetoid appearance, neurovascular invasion, atypical mitosis, extensive necrotic area, poor cell differentiation, and non-lobular tumor growth pattern, as well as nuclear features, including highly irregular nuclear contour, and large nuclear size were exclusively observed in carcinomatous tumors. Among non-carcinomatous lesions, some sebaceoma and sebaceous adenoma cases had features like high mitotic activity, which can be misleading and complicate diagnosis. Based on multiple decision tree models, the five most critical variables for lesion categorization were identified as: basaloid cell count, peripheral basaloid cell layers, tumor margin, nuclear size, and chromatin.
CONCLUSIONS: This study implemented a machine learning modeling approach to help optimally categorize sebaceous lesions based on architectural and nuclear features. However, studies of larger sample sizes are needed to ensure the accuracy of our suggested predictive model.

BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy is a useful, noninvasive technique also used to assess sebaceous lesions in humans. Sebaceous hyperplasia, sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous epithelioma are common cutaneous lesions in dogs; however, their dermoscopic features have not been investigated.
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are to describe the dermoscopic features of canine sebaceous lesions and to assess the interobserver agreement on dermoscopic parameters.
METHODS: Thirty-four lesions excised from 17 client-owned dogs, histologically confirmed as sebaceous proliferations, were included in this study.
METHODS: Sebaceous lesions were evaluated in vivo at ×10 magnification with a handheld dermoscope. Each dermoscopic image was assessed independently by two ECVD board-certified veterinary referral clinicians and an ECVD resident.
RESULTS: Thirty sebaceous hyperplasias, two sebaceous adenomas and two sebaceous epitheliomas were included. Dermoscopically, most lesions (91%) had single or multiple, well-defined, white-yellowish structures composed of grouped ovoid areas (clods). Irregular linear and, less commonly, arborising vessels were detected at the periphery of the yellow lobular-like structures in 93% of sebaceous hyperplasias and in 50% of neoplastic lesions. Erosions were seen in 6% of sebaceous hyperplasias and 50% of neoplastic lesions. Good interobserver agreement was found for white/yellowish clods (k = 0.75), yellow scales (k = 0.83), brown/grey dots (k = 0.80), erosions (k = 0.82) and red/brownish scales/crusts (k = 0.75). There was moderate agreement for fissures (k = 0.48) and vascular pattern (k = 0.51-0.53).
CONCLUSIONS: Dermoscopy represents a useful technique to assess sebaceous gland proliferations in dogs, as it is in humans.
背景: 皮肤镜检查是一种有用的、非侵入性的技术，也用于评估人类皮脂腺病变。皮脂增生、皮脂腺瘤和皮脂腺上皮瘤是犬常见的皮肤病变；然而，他们的皮肤镜特征尚未得到研究。 假设/目的: 本研究的目的是描述犬皮脂腺病变的皮肤镜特征，并评估观察者间对皮肤镜参数的一致性。 动物: 本研究包括从17只客户饲养的犬身上切除的34处病变，经组织学证实为皮脂腺增生。 材料和方法: 用手持式皮肤镜在10倍放大率下对皮脂腺病变进行体内评估。每个皮肤镜图像由两名ECVD委员会认证的兽医转诊临床医生和一名ECVD住院医师独立评估。 结果: 包括30例皮脂腺增生、2例皮脂腺瘤和2例皮脂腺上皮瘤。皮肤镜下，大多数病变 (91%)具有单一或多个明确的白色-黄色结构，由成组的卵圆形区域 (小块)组成。在93%的皮脂腺增生和50%的肿瘤病变中，在黄色小叶状结构的外围检测到不规则的线性和不常见的树状血管。在6%的皮脂腺增生和50%的肿瘤病变中可见糜烂。观察者间对白色/黄色小块 (k=0.75)、黄色皮屑 (k=0.83)、棕色/灰色小点 (k=0.80)、糜烂 (k=0.82) 和红色/棕色皮屑/结痂 (k=0.75)。裂隙 (k=0.48) 和血管形态 (k=0.51-0.53) 之间存在中度一致性。 结论和临床相关性: 皮肤镜检查是评估犬和人类皮脂腺增生的一种有用技术。.
BACKGROUND: La dermatoscopie est une technique utile et non invasive également utilisée pour évaluer les lésions sébacées chez l\'homme. L\'hyperplasie sébacée, l\'adénome sébacé et l\'épithélioma sébacé sont des lésions cutanées courantes chez le chien, mais leurs caractéristiques dermatoscopiques n\'ont pas été étudiées. HYPOTHÈSE/OBJECTIFS: Les objectifs de cette étude sont de décrire les caractéristiques dermatoscopiques des lésions sébacées canines et d\'évaluer la concordance entre les observateurs concernant les paramètres dermatoscopiques.
UNASSIGNED: Trente-quatre lésions excisées sur 17 chiens appartenant à des clients, confirmées histologiquement comme des proliférations sébacées, ont été incluses dans cette étude. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Les lésions sébacées sont évaluées in vivo à un grossissement ×10 à l\'aide d\'un dermatoscope portatif. Chaque image dermatoscopique est évaluée indépendamment par deux vétérinaires cliniciens diplômés de l\'ECVD et par un résident de l\'ECVD. RÉSULTATS: Trente hyperplasies sébacées, deux adénomes sébacés et deux épithéliomas sébacés sont inclus. A la dermatoscopie, la plupart des lésions (91%) présentent des structures simples ou multiples, bien définies, de couleur blanc-jaunâtre, composées de zones ovoïdes groupées (mottes). Des vaisseaux linéaires irréguliers et, plus rarement, arborescents sont détectés à la périphérie des structures jaunes de type lobulaire dans 93 % des hyperplasies sébacées et dans 50 % des lésions tumorales. Des érosions ont été observées dans 6 % des hyperplasies sébacées et 50 % des lésions tumorales. Une bonne concordance inter-observateurs est constatée pour les mottes blanches/jaunâtres (k = 0,75), les squames jaunes (k = 0,83), les ponctuations brunes/grises (k = 0,80), les érosions (k = 0,82) et les squames/croûtes rouges/brunâtres (k = 0,75). La concordance est modérée pour les fissures (k = 0,48) et le réseau vasculaire (k = 0,51-0,53).
UNASSIGNED: La dermatoscopie est une technique utile pour évaluer les proliférations des glandes sébacées chez le chien, comme chez l\'homme.
UNASSIGNED: Die Dermoskopie ist eine nützliche, nicht invasive Technik, die auch eingesetzt wird, um talgartige Veränderungen beim Menschen zu untersuchen. Talgdrüsenhyperplasie, Talgdrüsenadenom und Talgdrüsen Epitheliom sind häufige kutane Veränderungen beim Hund; ihre dermatoskopischen Merkmale sind jedoch noch nicht untersucht worden.
UNASSIGNED: Die Ziele dieser Studie waren eine Beschreibung der dermatoskopischen Merkmale der Talgdrüsenveränderungen beim Hund und eine Erfassung der Übereinstimmung der dermatoskopischen Parameter zwischen den UntersucherInnen.
UNASSIGNED: Vierunddreißig Veränderungen, die von 17 Hunden in Privatbesitz entnommen wurden, wurden histologisch als Talgdrüsenproliferationen bestätigt und in der Studie inkludiert.
UNASSIGNED: Die Talgdrüsenveränderungen wurden in vivo bei x10 Vergrößerung mittels Hand-Dermatoskop evaluiert. Jedes dermatoskopische Bild wurde von zwei voneinander unabhängigen ECVD Board-Certifizierten KlinikerInnen und einem ECVD Resident beurteilt.
UNASSIGNED: Dreißig Talgdrüsenhyperplasien, zwei Talgdrüsenadenome und zwei Talgdrüsen Epitheliome wurden inkludiert. Dermatoskopisch zeigten die meisten Veränderungen (91%) einzelne oder multiple, gut abgegrenzte, weiß-gelbliche Strukturen, die aus in Gruppen angeordneten ovalen Arealen (Klumpen) bestanden. Es wurden bei 93% der Talgdrüsenhyperplasien und bei 50% der neoplastischen Veränderungen irreguläre lineare und weniger häufig Baum-artig-verzweigte Blutgefäße an der Peripherie der gelblichen lappen-ähnlichen Strukturen gefunden. Erosionen bestanden bei 6% der Talgdrüsenhyperplasien und bei 50% der neoplastischen Veränderungen. Es wurde eine gute Inter-BeobachterInnen Übereinstimmung für die gelblich/weißen Klumpen (ƙ =0,75), gelben Schuppen (ƙ = 0,83), braun/grauen Punkte (ƙ = 0,80), Erosionen (ƙ = 0,82), und rot/bräunlichen Schuppen/Krusten (ƙ = 0,75) festgestellt. Es gab eine moderate Übereinstimmung bei Fissuren (ƙ = 0,48) und den Verlauf der Blutgefäße (ƙ = 0,51-0,53).
UNASSIGNED: Die Dermatoskopie repräsentiert eine sinnvolle Technik, um Proliferationen der Talgdrüsen bei Hunden, so wie beim Menschen, zu erfassen.
背景: ダーモスコピーは有用で非侵襲的な技術であり、ヒトの皮脂病変の評価にも用いられている。脂腺過形成、脂腺腫および脂腺上皮腫は犬の一般的な皮膚病変であるが、それらのダーモスコピーの特徴については調査されていない。 仮説/目的: 本研究の目的は、犬の脂腺病変のダーモスコピーの特徴を記述し、ダーモスコピックパラメーターに関する観察者間の一致を評価することであった。 対象動物: オーナー所有犬17頭から摘出し、組織学的に脂腺増殖と確認された34の病変を本研究の対象とした。 材料と方法: 手持ち式ダーモスコープを用い、10倍の倍率で皮脂腺病変をin vivoで評価した。それぞれのダーモスコピック画像は、ECVD認定獣医紹介臨床医2名およびECVDレジデント1名が独立して評価した。 結果: 30個の脂腺過形成、2個の脂腺腫および2個の脂腺上皮腫を含んだ。ダーモスコピーでは、ほとんどの病変 (91%)が、単発性または多発性の、境界明瞭な、白黄色を帯びた構造があり、グループ化した卵形領域 (clods)から構成されていた。脂腺過形成の93%および腫瘍性病変の50%では、黄色の小葉様構造物の周囲に不規則な線状血管およびまれではあるが枝分かれした血管が検出された。びらんは脂腺過形成の6%と腫瘍性病変の50%に認められた。白色/黄色がかったclods (k = 0.75)、黄色の鱗屑 (k = 0.83)、茶色/灰色の点 (k = 0.80)、びらん (k = 0.82) および赤色/茶色がかった鱗屑/痂皮 (k = 0.75) については、良好な観察者間一致が認められた。亀裂 (k = 0.48) および血管パターン (k = 0.51-0.53) については、中程度の一致がみられた。 結論と臨床的意義: ダーモスコピーは、ヒトと同様にイヌの皮脂腺増殖を評価する有用な技術である。.
INTRODUÇÃO: A dermatoscopia é uma técnica útil e não invasiva também utilizada para avaliar lesões sebáceas em humanos. Hiperplasia sebácea, adenoma sebáceo e epitelioma sebáceo são lesões cutâneas comuns em cães; no entanto, suas características dermatoscópicas não foram investigadas. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever as características dermatoscópicas das lesões sebáceas caninas e avaliar a concordância interobservador nos parâmetros dermatoscópicos. ANIMAIS: Trinta e quatro lesões removidas de 17 cães de clientes, histologicamente confirmadas como proliferações sebáceas, foram incluídas neste estudo. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: As lesões sebáceas foram avaliadas in vivo no aumento de 10x com um dermatoscópio portátil. Cada imagem dermatoscópica foi avaliada independentemente por dois médicos veterinários de referência certificados pelo ECVD e um residente do ECVD. RESULTADOS: Trinta hiperplasias sebáceas, dois adenomas sebáceos e dois epiteliomas sebáceos foram incluídos. Dermatoscopicamente, a maioria das lesões (91%) apresentava estruturas simples ou múltiplas, bem definidas, branco-amareladas, compostas por áreas ovóides agrupadas (torrões). Vasos lineares irregulares e, menos comumente, arborizados foram detectados na periferia das estruturas semelhantes a lóbulos amarelados em 93% das hiperplasias sebáceas e em 50% das lesões neoplásicas. Erosões foram observadas em 6% das hiperplasias sebáceas e em 50% das lesões neoplásicas. Boa concordância interobservador foi encontrada para torrões brancos/amarelados (k = 0,75), escamas amarelas (k = 0,83), pontos marrons/cinzas (k = 0,80), erosões (k = 0,82) e escamas/crostas vermelhas/acastanhadas (k = 0,75). Houve concordância moderada para fissuras (k = 0,48) e padrão vascular (k = 0,51-0,53). CONCLUSÕES E RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: A dermatoscopia representa uma técnica útil para avaliar a proliferação das glândulas sebáceas em cães, assim como em humanos.
INTRODUCCIÓN: la dermatoscopia es una técnica útil y no invasiva que también se utiliza para evaluar lesiones sebáceas en humanos. La hiperplasia sebácea, el adenoma sebáceo y el epitelioma sebáceo son lesiones cutáneas comunes en perros; sin embargo, sus características dermatoscópicas no han sido investigadas. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: Los objetivos de este estudio son describir las características dermatoscópicas de las lesiones sebáceas caninas y evaluar la concordancia interobservador sobre los parámetros dermatoscópicos. ANIMALES: En este estudio se incluyeron treinta y cuatro lesiones extirpadas de 17 perros de propietarios particulares, confirmadas histológicamente como proliferaciones sebáceas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: las lesiones sebáceas se evaluaron in vivo con un aumento de ×10 con un dermoscopio manual. Cada imagen dermatoscópica fue evaluada de forma independiente por dos veterinarios de referencia certificados por la junta de la ECVD y por un residente de la ECVD. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 30 hiperplasias sebáceas, dos adenomas sebáceos y dos epiteliomas sebáceos. Dermoscópicamente, la mayoría de las lesiones (91%) presentaban estructuras únicas o múltiples, bien definidas, de color blanco amarillento, compuestas por áreas ovoides (terrones) agrupadas. Se detectaron vasos lineales irregulares y, con menos frecuencia, arboriformes en la periferia de las estructuras amarillas de tipo lobular en el 93% de las hiperplasias sebáceas y en el 50% de las lesiones neoplásicas. Se observaron erosiones en el 6% de las hiperplasias sebáceas y en el 50% de las lesiones neoplásicas. Se encontró una buena concordancia interobservador para terrones blancos/amarillentos (k = 0,75), escamas amarillas (k = 0,83), puntos marrones/grises (k = 0,80), erosiones (k = 0,82) y escamas/costras rojas/marrones (k = 0,75). Hubo un concordancia moderada para las fisuras (k = 0,48) y el patrón vascular (k = 0,51-0,53). CONCLUSIONES Y RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: La dermatoscopia representa una técnica útil para evaluar las proliferaciones de glándulas sebáceas en perros, al igual que en humanos.

BACKGROUND: Benign sebaceous salivary gland (SG) neoplasms represent approximately 0.2% of all salivary gland neoplasms. Not only are fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy findings of sebaceous adenoma (SA) and sebaceous lymphadenoma (SLA) limited, but their findings are also rarely compared with one another.
METHODS: Our cytopathology files were searched for examples of benign sebaceous SG neoplasms with concomitant histopathological verification. FNA biopsy and cell collection were performed using standard technique.
RESULTS: One case each of parotid SA and parotid SLA showed markedly dissimilar cytomorphology. The SA case was composed of a repetitive population of profusely multivacuolated polygonal cells with single and multiple nuclei, and was specifically recognised cytologically as a sebaceous neoplasm due to its characteristic cytoplasmic vacuolisation. The SLA case, however, was characterised by smears filled primarily with lymphocytes and only scant widely scattered basaloid cell clusters. A non-specific diagnosis of basaloid neoplasm was rendered. In retrospect, recognition of sebaceous differentiation was limited to rare cell groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Though nominally, epidemiologically, and to a degree histopathologically analogous, the cytopathology of SA and SLA are markedly dissimilar, reflecting the dominant cell component in each. With FNA biopsy, a specific interpretation is more likely for SA than SLA due to the overwhelming obscuring lymphoid population in the latter.

Sebaceous neoplasms describe a group of tumors with sebaceous differentiation commonly seen in lesions located primarily in the face and neck. The majority of these lesions are benign, while malignant neoplasms with sebaceous differentiation are uncommon. Sebaceous tumors present a strong association with the Muir-Torre Syndrome. Patients suspected with this syndrome should undergo neoplasm excision, followed by histopathologic and additional immunohistochemistry and genetics examinations. Clinical and dermoscopic features of the sebaceous neoplasms, as well as management procedures collected from the literature analysis regarding sebaceous carcinoma, sebaceoma/sebaceous adenoma, and sebaceous hyperplasia are described in the current review. A special note is made for describing the Muir-Torre Syndrome in patients presenting multiple sebaceous tumors.

OBJECTIVE: The immune microenvironment of sebaceous neoplasms (SNs) has been poorly explored, especially in benign lesions, and never correlated to the mismatch repair (MMR) status.
METHODS: We conducted an immuno-histological study to analyze the immune microenvironment of SNs. A tissue microarray was constructed including sebaceous adenomas (SAs), sebaceomas (Ss) and sebaceous carcinomas (SCs) to performed immuno-histological analysis of T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and expression of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1). An automatized count was performed using the QuPath® software. Composition of the cellular microenvironment was compared to the aggressiveness, the MMR status, and to Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS).
RESULTS: We included 123 SNs (43 SAs, 19 Ss and 61 SCs) for which 71.5% had a dMMR phenotype. A higher infiltration of macrophages (CD68 +) of M2 phenotype (CD163 +) and dendritic cells (CD11c +) was noticed in SCs compared to benign SNs (SAs and Ss). Programmed cell death ligand-1 but not PD-1 was expressed by more immune cells in SCs compared to benign SNs. No difference in the immune cell composition regarding the MMR status, or to MTS was observed.
CONCLUSIONS: In SNs, M2 macrophages and dendritic cells infiltrates are associated with the progression and the malignant transformation of tumors. High PD-L1 expression in immune cells in SCs is an argument for the use of immunotherapy by anti-PD1 or PD-L1 in metastatic patients. The lack of correlation between the composition of immune cells in SNs and the MMR status emphasizes the singularity of SNs among MMR-associated malignancies.

暂无摘要。