UNASSIGNED:
OBJECTIVE: To create a new taxonomy of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) based on the comparability of the design of SSD and borderline states.
METHODS: The total sample consists of 205 patients with an established diagnosis of SSD (F21; F25; F22 according to ICD-10) collected from studies of the department of borderline mental pathology and psychosomatic disorders of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Mental Health Research Center and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics of Moscow State Medical University in the period 2014 to 2024. Clinical, psychometric, statistical methods were used.
RESULTS: A new two-level model of schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) has been developed: the first level is psychopathic-like disorders of the «Ferschroben» type; the second level are psychopathological disorders (positive, negative, etc.), appearing under their «mask», constituting a «tracing paper» of manifestations of schizophrenia «in miniature». The two-level psychopathological model of STPD is a complex clinical phenotype, including independent but overlapping phenotypic formations: psychopathic-like - the «Ferschroben» type; and basic - schizophreniform disorders.
CONCLUSIONS: The clinical classification of schizophrenia spectrum disorders has been developed; pseudoneuroses and stress-induced disorders of the endogenous circle are considered in the aspect of the dynamics of STPD.
UNASSIGNED: Создание новой систематики расстройств шизофренического спектра (РШС) на базе сопоставимости дизайна РШС и пограничных состояний.
UNASSIGNED: Общая выборка составляет 205 наблюдений с установленным диагнозом шизотипическое расстройство личности (F21), расстройства шизофренического спектра (F22), шизоаффективное расстройство (F25) в соответствии с критериями МКБ-10 из числа исследований, проводимых на базе отдела по изучению пограничной психической патологии и психосоматических расстройств ФГБНУ НЦПЗ и кафедры психиатрии и психосоматики МГМУ им. Сеченова в период с 2014 по 2024 г. В качестве основных методов исследования выступают: клинический, статистический, психометрический,с применением следующих шкал: шкала оценки позитивных симптомов (Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, SAPS), шкала оценки негативных симптомов (Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, SANS), опросник шизотипических черт личности, взрослая версия (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire adult version, SPQ-A).
UNASSIGNED: Разработана новая двухуровневая модель шизотипического расстройства личности (ШТРЛ): первый уровень — психопатоподобные расстройства типа фершробен; второй — выступающие под их «маской» психопатологические расстройства (позитивные, негативные и др.), составляющие «кальку» проявлений манифестной шизофрении «в миниатюре». Двухуровневая психопатологическая модель ШТРЛ — сложный клинический фенотип, включающий самостоятельные, но перекрывающиеся фенотипические образования: психопатоподобные — типа фершробен; и базисные — шизофреноформные расстройства.
UNASSIGNED: Разработана клиническая классификация РШС; псевдоневрозы и стресс-индуцированные расстройства эндогенного круга рассматриваются в аспекте динамики ШТРЛ.

To this day, there exists skepticism about the reliability and clinical utility of the diagnostic criteria and classification of schizoaffective disorder. In addition, the treatment of schizoaffective disorder, especially of treatment-resistant cases, has been minimally investigated. As a result, formulating official treatment guidelines for schizoaffective disorder has been challenging. We present a case of a 27-year-old female, diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type, for whom, for over 5 years, trials of traditional treatments, to include psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy, were either partially effective or discontinued due to intolerable side effects. The subsequent off-label use of lumateperone led to an adequate response. Lumateperone is an atypical antipsychotic, approved by the Food and Drug Administration for schizophrenia and bipolar depression in adults. Interestingly, it has a similar structure and mechanism of action to paliperidone, the only Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for schizoaffective disorder. Through this case report, as an example of lumateperone\'s effectiveness and tolerability, as well as a literature review of its pharmacodynamics, we make the case that lumateperone emerges as a promising option for schizoaffective disorder, especially treatment-resistant cases.

(1) Background: Approximately 1% of the global population is affected by schizophrenia, a disorder marked by cognitive deficits, delusions, hallucinations, and language issues. It is associated with genetic, neurological, and environmental factors, and linked to dopaminergic hyperactivity and neurotransmitter imbalances. Recent research reveals that patients exhibit significant language impairments, such as reduced verbal output and fluency. Advances in machine learning and natural language processing show potential for early diagnosis and personalized treatments, but additional research is required for the practical application and interpretation of such technology. The objective of this study is to explore the applications of natural language processing in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. (2) Methods: A scoping review was conducted across multiple electronic databases, including Medline, PubMed, Embase, and PsycInfo. The search strategy utilized a combination of text words and subject headings, focusing on schizophrenia and natural language processing. Systematically extracted information included authors, population, primary uses of the natural language processing algorithms, main outcomes, and limitations. The quality of the identified studies was assessed. (3) Results: A total of 516 eligible articles were identified, from which 478 studies were excluded based on the first analysis of titles and abstracts. Of the remaining 38 studies, 18 were selected as part of this scoping review. The following six main uses of natural language processing were identified: diagnostic and predictive modeling, followed by specific linguistic phenomena, speech and communication analysis, social media and online content analysis, clinical and cognitive assessment, and linguistic feature analysis. (4) Conclusions: This review highlights the main uses of natural language processing in the field of schizophrenia and the need for more studies to validate the effectiveness of natural language processing in diagnosing and treating schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Williams syndrome (WS; chromosome 7q11.23 deletion) is a rare, multisystemic, neurodevelopmental disorder with variable penetrance and expressivity. Although movement and psychiatric disorders are known to occur in individuals with WS, parkinsonism, dystonia, and treatment-resistant schizoaffective disorder have not been formally described.
METHODS: We present two unrelated cases of adults with molecularly confirmed WS and typical histories of developmental delays, intellectual/learning disabilities, and treatment-responsive anxiety/mood disorder who developed similar noteworthy neuropsychiatric expressions. We reviewed detailed neuropsychiatric histories, laboratory investigations, neuroimaging, and treatment responses and compared data for the two cases.
RESULTS: Both individuals developed treatment-resistant schizoaffective disorder in adulthood requiring multiple trials of antipsychotic treatments. While on clozapine, both patients developed parkinsonism and generalized dystonia with truncal involvement that responded to trials of low-dose levodopa without exacerbating underlying psychotic or affective symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS: This report illustrates the novel occurrence of levodopa-responsive movement disorders and treatment-resistant schizoaffective disorder in individuals with WS, adding to the expanding neuropsychiatric phenotypes, and highlighting potential shared underlying mechanisms. The observed treatment response suggests that levodopa, in relatively low doses, may be safe and useful in ameliorating presumed antipsychotic-associated parkinsonism and tardive dystonia in WS.

BACKGROUND: Self-stigma remains one of the most vexing issues in psychiatry. It complicates the treatment and social functioning of patients with endogenous psychiatric disorders. Identifying the specific features of self-stigma depending on the type and duration of the endogenous mental illness can help solve this problem.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to establish the level and specific features of self-stigma in patients with various types of chronic endogenous psychiatric disorders at different disease stages and to establish the correlation between the level of self-stigma and the attitude of the patient to his/her disease and treatment.
METHODS: Clinical psychopathology assessment, psychometric scales and questionnaires: \"Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale\" (PANSS), \"Questionnaire for Self-Stigma Assessment in Mentally Ill Patients\", and Russian versions of the \"Insight Scale for Psychosis\" (ISP), and \"Drug Attitude Inventory\" (DAI-10). The cross-sectional study included 86 patients with endogenous mental illnesses (bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
RESULTS: The analysis of the results of the \"Questionnaire for Self-Stigma Assessment in Mentally Ill Patients\" showed that at the initial disease stages the highest level of self-stigma is observed in patients with bipolar affective disorder (M±σ=1.22±0.73; Me [Q1; Q3]=1.10 [0.83; 1.60]), while the lowest level was observed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (M±σ=0.86±0.53; Me [Q1; Q3]=0.77 [0.31; 1.25]). Patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder and a disease duration more than five years participating in a long-term comprehensive psychosocial rehabilitation program also demonstrated high rates of self-stigma (M±σ=1.20±0.57, Me [Q1; Q3]=1.26 [0.89; 1.47]). The study groups showed differences in terms of the structure of components of self-stigma and their severity; significant correlations were uncovered between the self-stigma parameters and the attitude of patients to their disease and therapy.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the specific features of self-stigma in patients with various endogenous disorders at different stages of the disease. These data can be used as part of a comprehensive psychosocial treatment program for this patient cohort, as well as for future research.
UNASSIGNED: Самостигматизация остается одной из актуальных проблем современной психиатрии, которая затрудняет лечение и социальное функционирование пациентов с эндогенными психическими расстройствами. Решению этой проблемы может способствовать определение особенностей и специфики самостигматизации в зависимости от формы и длительности эндогенного психического расстройства.
UNASSIGNED: Установить уровень и особенности самостигматизации у пациентов с различными формами эндогенных хронических психических расстройств на разных этапах болезни и выявить связь выраженности самостигматизации с отношением к своему заболеванию и лечению.
UNASSIGNED: Клинико - психопатологический, психометрические шкалы и опросники (« Опросник для оценки феномена самостигматизации психически больных », « Шкала позитивных и негативных симптомов — «Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale» (PANSS), русскоязычные версии опросников « Осознание болезни » — «Insight Scale for Psychosis» (ISP), « Отношение к лекарственным препаратам » — «Drug attitude inventory» (DAI-10). Проведено кроссекционное исследование 86 пациентов с эндогенными психическими заболеваниями (биполярное аффективное расстройство и расстройства шизофренического спектра).
UNASSIGNED: С помощью « Опросника для оценки феномена самостигматизации психически больных » установлено, что на начальном этапе заболевания наибольший уровень самостигматизации характерен для пациентов с биполярным аффективным расстройством (M±σ=1,22±0,73; Me [Q1; Q3]=1,10 [0,83; 1,60]), наиболее низкий выявлен у пациентов с расстройствами шизофренического спектра (M±σ=0,86±0,53; Me [Q1; Q3]= 0,77 [0,31; 1,25]). Пациенты с шизофренией и шизоаффективным расстройством и длительностью заболевания более 5 лет, участвующие в долгосрочной комплексной программе психосоциальной реабилитации, также продемонстрировали высокие показатели самостигматизации (M±σ=1,20±0,57, Me [Q1; Q3]= 1,26 [0,89; 1,47]). В изученных группах обнаружены различия в структуре компонентов самостигматизации пациентов и их выраженности и получены достоверные корреляционные связи между показателями самостигматизации, отношением пациентов к имеющемуся психическому расстройству и получаемому лечению.
UNASSIGNED: Результаты проведенного исследования уточняют и расширяют имеющиеся знания об особенностях самостигматизации у пациентов с различными эндогенными расстройствами на разных этапах заболевания. Полученные данные могут послужить основой для дальнейших исследований, а также для использования в комплексном психосоциальном лечении таких пациентов.

UNASSIGNED: Individuals with schizophrenia are at higher risk for severe COVID-19 illness and severe breakthrough infection following vaccination. It is unclear whether immune response to vaccination differs in this population.
UNASSIGNED: To assess whether anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titers after vaccination differ in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ) compared to controls without a psychiatric disorder.
UNASSIGNED: This cohort study assessed antibody response following the first and second dose of mRNA vaccines at longitudinal timepoints, up to 7 weeks following the first dose of vaccine.
UNASSIGNED: A multi-center study including psychiatric healthcare settings in the United States and Europe.
UNASSIGNED: 205 adults with no history of COVID-19 infection, including 106 individuals with SZ and 99 controls without a psychiatric disorder, who received their first dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine between December 20, 2020 and May 27, 2021.
UNASSIGNED: Mean SARS-CoV-2 anti-Spike IgG antibody levels within 7 weeks after the first dose of vaccination.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 205 individuals (mean [SD] age, 44.7 [12.0] years; 90 [43.9%] male) were included, of which 106 (51.7%) were diagnosed with SZ. SZ was associated with lower mean log antibody levels (-0.15; 95% CI, -0.27 to -0.03, P = 0.016) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, days since vaccination, and vaccine manufacturer. In secondary analyses of dose-specific responses, SZ was associated with a lower mean log antibody level after the second dose of vaccine (-0.23; 95% CI -0.39 to -0.06, P = 0.006), but not the first dose of vaccine (0.00; 95% CI -0.18- 0.19, P = 0.96).
UNASSIGNED: In this cohort study of individuals with SZ and a control group without psychiatric disorders, SZ was associated with lower SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody levels following 2 doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. This highlights the need for further studies assessing vaccine immunogenicity in individuals with schizophrenia.

Clozapine has shown signs of effectiveness in treating symptoms of schizoaffective disorder, although little research has been carried out to specifically assess this question. The objective of this current work was to analyse the mood-stabilising effectiveness and tolerability of clozapine in patients with schizoaffective disorder. This was a prospective, longitudinal, and quasi-experimental trial with three months of follow-up in patients with refractory schizoaffective disorder (PANSS score exceeding 80). Clinical response was evaluated through monthly visits using the YMRS, MADRS, CDSS, CGI-S and UKU. Twenty-seven participants (63% men, 37% women) with a mean age of 32.56 years were included. Clozapine significantly reduced the symptoms of mania, as measured by the YMRS (pre-treatment: 16.19, post-treatment: 0.67; p < 0.01) as well as the symptoms of depression, quantified with the CDSS (pre-treatment: 6.11, post-treatment: 0.67; p < 0.01), MADRS (pre-treatment: 9.56, post-treatment: 1.07; p < 0.01), and CGI-S (pre-treatment: 4.74, post-treatment: 1.15; p < 0.01). The prescription of clozapine significantly reduced the average daily dose of neuroleptics, measured in mg of chlorpromazine (pre-treatment: 1253.55, post-treatment: 742.59; p < 0.01) and hypnosedatives, measured in mg of diazepam (pre-treatment: 33.88, post-treatment: 5.74; p < 0.05) required in these patients. Patient-perceived tolerability, measured with the UKU, also improved during follow-up (pre-treatment: 12.89, post-treatment: 8.14; p < 0.01). The efficacy of clozapine was significant for the affective symptoms of schizoaffective disorder, thereby improving patient tolerability and permitting reductions in the other medications the patients used.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic that acts by blocking mainly dopamine 4 receptors. It is usually prescribed for treatment-resistant schizophrenia as well as treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Clozapine has a wide profile of side effects that result from blocking different receptors all over the body. A 42-year-old Middle Eastern female is known to have suffered from schizoaffective disorder for many years and had frequent relapses despite compliance with treatment. She was commenced on Clozapine; the patient started complaining of an electric shock sensation throughout her body that resulted in recurrent falls with bilateral leg fractures. She was started on sodium valproate to exclude the possibility of seizure activity but the electric shock sensation did not subside. The decision was made to switch her to aripiprazole and gradually taper down and stop Clozapine which improved her symptoms. Careful monitoring of patients who receive Clozapine is recommended especially during the tapering phase due to the risky adverse events it can bring about. It is essential to understand the side effects in order to tackle them as soon as they arise.

Clozapine has been considered the \"gold standard\" in the treatment of schizophrenia for many years. Clozapine has a superior effect, particularly in the treatment of negative symptoms and suicidal behaviour. However, due to its numerous adverse reactions, clozapine is mainly used for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The aim of this paper is to analyze the results of clinical studies on clozapine from 2012-2022. PubMed was used as the database. Sixty-four studies were included and categorised by topic. The pharmacokinetic properties of clozapine tablets and a clozapine suspension solution did not differ markedly. Clozapine was superior to olanzapine and risperidone in reducing aggression and depression. A long-term study showed that metabolic parameters changed comparably with olanzapine and clozapine after 8 years. Risperidone and ziprasidone can be used as an alternative to clozapine. Scopolamine, atropine drops, and metoclopramide are effective in the treatment of clozapine-induced hypersalivation. Eight drugs, including liraglutide, exenatide, metformin, and orlistat, are potentially effective in the treatment of clozapine-induced weight gain. Ziprasidone, haloperidol, and aripiprazole showed a positive effect on symptoms when added to clozapine. No investigated drug was superior to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia. Ziprasidone and risperidone can also be used well for the treatment of schizophrenia. In the treatment of clozapine-induced hypersalivation and weight gain, some drugs proved to be effective.

UNASSIGNED: The psychic structure of people with psychosis has been the subject of theoretical and qualitative considerations. However, it has not been sufficiently studied quantitatively. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the structural abilities of people diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis using the Levels of Structural Integration Axis of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis System (OPD-2-LSIA). The study aimed to determine possible associations between the OPD-2-LSIA and central parameters of illness. Additionally, possible structural differences between people diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis were tested.
UNASSIGNED: This cross-sectional study included 129 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. Measures of structural integration, symptom load, severity of illness, cognition, and social functioning were obtained. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the overall structural level and the structural dimensions. Correlation coefficients were computed to measure the associations between OPD-2-LSIA and variables regarding the severity of illness and psychosocial functioning. Regression models were used to measure the influence of illness-related variables on OPD-2-LSIA, and the influence of OPD-2-LSIA on psychosocial functioning. Participants diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders were examined with regard to possible group differences.
UNASSIGNED: The results of the OPD-2-LSIA showed that the overall structural level was between \'moderate to low\' and \'low level of structural integration\'. Significant correlations were found between OPD-2-LSIA and psychotic symptoms (but not depressive symptoms), as well as between OPD-2-LSIA and psychosocial functioning. It was found that variables related to severity of illness had a significant impact on OPD-2-LSIA, with psychotic, but not depressive symptoms being significant predictors. OPD-2-LSIA was found to predict psychosocial functioning beyond symptoms and cognition. No significant differences were found between participants with schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis. There was also no correlation found between OPD-2-LSIA and depressive symptomatology (except for the subdimension Internal communication).
UNASSIGNED: Contrary to theoretical assumptions, the results of the study show a heterogenous picture of the psychic structure of people with psychosis. The associations between OPD-2-LSIA and severity of illness, particularly psychotic symptomatology, as well as the influence of OPD-2-LSIA on psychosocial functioning, are discussed.