UNASSIGNED: To develop and evaluate a Chinese version of the Symptom Questionnaire for Visual Dysfunctions (CSQVD) to quantify visual dysfunction symptoms in school-age children with various eye diseases, and to explore the relationship between ophthalmological disorders and visual dysfunction symptoms.
UNASSIGNED: Following standard scale adaptation procedures, the Symptom Questionnaire for Visual Dysfunctions (SQVD) was translated into Chinese (CSQVD). We employed random sampling to survey 198 outpatients aged 7-18 to assess the psychometric properties of the CSQVD. Using the reliable and validated questionnaire, we evaluated the determinants of visual dysfunction symptoms among 406 school-age patients at an eye center. The CSQVD scores were correlated with demographic and clinical variables, including gender, age, eye position, refractive power, and best-corrected visual acuity. Univariate analysis identified potential risk factors, followed by binary logistic regression and multiple linear regression analysis on factors with a P-value <0.05.
UNASSIGNED: The CSQVD scale\'s critical ratio (CR) values ranged from 6.028 to 10.604. The Cronbach\'s Alpha coefficient was 0.779, and Spearman-Brown split-half reliability was also 0.779. The I-CVI varied from 0.83 to 1.000, the S-CVI/Ave was 0.857, and the KMO value was 0.821. Multifactorial regression analysis indicated that high myopia (OR ​= ​5.744, 95% CI [1.632, 20.218], P ​= ​0.006) and amblyopia (OR ​= ​9.302, 95% CI [1.878, 46.058], P ​= ​0.006) were significant predictors of CSQVD symptoms. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BCVA of amblyopic eyes (B ​= ​-5.052, 95% CI [-7.779, 2.325], P ​= ​0.000) and SE power (B ​= ​-0.234, 95% CI [-0.375, 0.205], P ​= ​0.001) significantly affected the CSQVD scale scores.
UNASSIGNED: The Chinese version of the SQVD scale (CSQVD) demonstrates good feasibility, discriminatory power, validity, and reliability in assessing Chinese school-aged children. Furthermore, those who have severe myopia and amblyopia reported more visual dysfunction symptoms.

Perceived physical literacy contributes to the understanding of individuals\' physical activity (PA) engagement. It is important a scale is validated in the population of interest. Also, the type of administration may affect reliability and validity. So, the aim of this study was twofold: 1) to examine evidence of validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Physical Literacy for Children Questionnaire (PL-C Quest) in a cohort of children and adolescents and 2) to assess two versions of administering the scale. The study was conducted in two stages, depending on the administration format of the PL-C Quest (double-dichotomous, and four-point response style) in a cohort of 2004 (n1=916; n2=1088) students. In both administration forms, evidence of validity (relation with other variables, i.e., concurrent and predictive, and structural validity), invariance (between boys and girls) and reliability (test-retest and internal consistency) were examined. There was evidence of validity for both administration types, with adequate reliability and good to excellent test-retest reliability for both administration forms. Both methods of administration for the PL-C Quest can capture perceived physical literacy in Spanish 8- to 14-year-old children and early adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: This research is a descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed at examining the use of three different scales to assess the risk of pressure injury (PI) in surgical patients.
METHODS: This study was conducted between February 1 and July 1, 2022. The study included patients who had planned surgery in general surgery clinic. The sample size was 388 patients. Patients who agreed to participate in the study were asked to fill out the \" Introductory Information Form \" and perform a risk assessment using the Braden, Munro and 3S Scales. The statistics program IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 packaged software was used in the analyses of data.
RESULTS: It is evident that the relationship between the scales and the diagnosis of PI, as well as the strength of this relationship, are statistically significant (p < 0.05). The Munro Scale exhibited the highest value of Phi value and validity coefficient c, indicating a stronger association with the diagnosis of PI, thus suggesting its greater effectiveness in discrimination. According to the validity coefficients found, it can be stated that the correct classification percentages for Munro, Braden, and 3S Scales were 91 %, 71 %, and 66 %, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that both the Braden, Munro, and 3S Scales can be used for PI risk assessment in surgical patients, but the Munro Scale exhibits superior predictive validity compared to the Braden and 3S Scales in terms of overall sensitivity and specificity.

Encounters between animals occur when animals are close in space and time. Encounters are important in many ecological processes including sociality, predation and disease transmission. Despite this, there is little theory regarding the spatial distribution of encounters and no formal framework to relate environmental characteristics to encounters. The probability of encounter could be estimated with resource selection functions (RSFs) by comparing locations where encounters occurred to available locations where they may have occurred, but this estimate is complicated by the hierarchical nature of habitat selection. We developed a method to relate resources to the relative probability of encounter based on a scale-integrated habitat selection framework. This framework integrates habitat selection at multiple scales to obtain an appropriate estimate of availability for encounters. Using this approach, we related encounter probabilities to landscape resources. The RSFs describe habitat associations at four scales, home ranges within the study area, areas of overlap within home ranges, locations within areas of overlap, and encounters compared to other locations, which can be combined into a single scale-integrated RSF. We apply this method to intraspecific encounter data from two species: white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and elk (Cervus elaphus) and interspecific encounter data from a two-species system of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and coyote (Canis latrans). Our method produced scale-integrated RSFs that represented the relative probability of encounter. The predicted spatial distribution of encounters obtained based on this scale-integrated approach produced distributions that more accurately predicted novel encounters than a naïve approach or any individual scale alone. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for the conditional nature of habitat selection in estimating the habitat associations of animal encounters as opposed to \'naïve\' comparisons of encounter locations with general availability. This method has direct relevance for testing hypotheses about the relationship between habitat and social or predator-prey behaviour and generating spatial predictions of encounters. Such spatial predictions may be vital for understanding the distribution of encounters driving disease transmission, predation rates and other population and community-level processes.

Understanding human movement patterns is crucial for comprehending how a city functions. It is also important for city planners and policymakers to create more efficient plans and policies for urban areas. Traditionally, human movement patterns were analyzed using origin-destination surveys, travel diaries, and other methods. Now, these patterns can be identified from various geospatial big data sources, such as mobile phone data, floating car data, and location-based social media (LBSM) data. These extensive datasets primarily identify individual or collective human movement patterns. However, the impact of spatial scale on the analysis of human movement patterns from these large geospatial data sources has not been sufficiently studied. Changes in spatial scale can significantly affect the results when calculating human movement patterns from these data. In this study, we utilized Weibo datasets for three different cities in China including Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. We aimed to identify the effect of different spatial scales on individual human movement patterns as calculated from LBSM data. For our analysis, we employed two indicators as follows: an external activity space indicator, the radius of gyration (ROG), and an internal activity space indicator, entropy. These indicators were chosen based on previous studies demonstrating their efficiency in analyzing sparse datasets like LBSM data. Additionally, we used two different ranges of spatial scales-10-100 m and 100-3000 m-to illustrate changes in individual activity space at both fine and coarse spatial scales. Our results indicate that although the ROG values show an overall increasing trend and the entropy values show an overall decreasing trend with the increase in spatial scale size, different local factors influence the ROG and entropy values at both finer and coarser scales. These findings will help to comprehend the dynamics of human movement across different scales. Such insights are invaluable for enhancing overall urban mobility and optimizing transportation systems.

Brain fog is a condition that is characterized by poor concentration, memory loss, decreased cognitive function, and mental fatigue. Although it is generally known as a long-term COVID-19 symptom, brain fog has also been reported to be caused by many other diseases. Thus, it is necessary to assess this condition in certain populations. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Brain Fog Scale in a Turkish population. We conducted the study in two phases. In a pilot study including 125 participants, we confirmed the suitability of the scale for validity analyses and then conducted exploratory (n = 230) and confirmatory factor analyses (n = 343). The Cronbach\'s alpha value of the 23-item Brain Fog Scale was 0.966. In addition, the 23-item and three-factor structure was confirmed as a result of the analyses. These three factors are mental fatigue, impaired cognitive acuity, and confusion. We also found that participants previously diagnosed with COVID-19 had higher brain fog scores. This finding indicates that brain fog is an important condition that can accompany COVID-19. Furthermore, this validated construct has an acceptable fit and is a valid and useful tool for the Turkish population.

Maintaining good dietary practices is a factor that allows a better quality of life; therefore, it is necessary to promote health via the fundamental tool of nutritional literacy. In this context, this study aims to evaluate nutritional literacy in Peru through the S-NutLit tool, which is composed of two dimensions. The scale, composed of 11 items, was applied to 396 Peruvian adults. According to the evaluation of the indicators, an acceptable reliability was found, as was a model fit with excellent estimation according to its indicators (CMIN/DIF 2.559; IFC 0.965; SRMR 0.043; RMSEA 0.063; and PClose 0.070). In this way, we seek to reinforce health promotion activities through a nutritional literacy diagnosis, which, due to its characteristics, can be self-administered and used by health entities and other entities in general that are interested in knowing the eating practices of an individual, which undoubtedly leads to good health.

On 25 May 2023, the Portuguese parliament approved the decriminalisation of euthanasia for incurable illnesses. As the experiences of other countries show us, it will be a matter of time before mental disorders are addressed. Studying the phenomenon, particularly in vulnerable groups, in advance is essential for proper law drafting. Therefore, instruments that allow an objective assessment and comparison between groups must be available. This study aims to explore the validation of Faria\'s attitude about euthanasia scale in Portuguese older adults with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. A sample of 114 older adults with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder collected by convenience in the Psychiatry Department of Senhora da Oliveira Hospital in Portugal was included. The pre-final version of the scale was tested in a small group with good results. The validity of the internal structure was analysed using exploratory factorial analysis. The internal consistency study verified reliability. For construct validity, we assessed the correlation with other validated scales measuring attitudes toward euthanasia, cognitive performance, personality and empathy. The attitude about euthanasia scale showed good internal consistency. One factor was retained in the principal component analysis. Significant correlations verified construct validity. The results support the scale\'s usefulness and validity. This study makes available a unique instrument to assess the overall tendency of the attitudes towards euthanasia from the European-Portuguese perspective, which can be used, for example, to compare Portuguese with Brazilian older adults suffering from the same disorder. Furthermore, the adapted scale paves the way for other cross-cultural translations, adaptations, validations, and comparative analyses.

Developing a validated, standardized, and easily accessible pain assessment tool is the first step toward improving pain management. Since pain measurement is often used as a primary or secondary endpoint in daily clinical practice and clinical trials, accurate and precise pain measurement is of great importance. Therefore, there is a need for a valid, reliable, safe, and low-cost method to measure and assess pain levels more objectively. Traditional measurement tools, still considered the gold standard in clinical pain research, have significant disadvantages, including low sensitivity and higher rates of false responses. Perhaps most importantly, the assumption that general pain is a one-dimensional experience that can be measured with a single-item scale is limiting. Recently, new technologies utilizing smart devices have emerged to improve existing traditional pain outcome measures. The Visual, Auditory, and Tactile Analog Scale (VATAS) was designed to address tactile, auditory, and visual senses. By including multiple senses, it is thought that errors arising from the objectification of pain solely through a single-dimensional scale, such as Visual Analog Scale (VAS), could be eliminated, providing a more standardized and repeatable pain assessment. VATAS has the potential to complement the deficiencies of standard pain measurement methods by appealing to multiple senses. It can provide a more standardized, patient-compliant, and repeatable pain assessment. Furthermore, it can be used for evaluating and recording pain in visually impaired patients and has the potential for data tracking, allowing patients\' pain to be monitored even when they are at home.

UNASSIGNED: People with Parkinson\'s disease (PwPD) exhibit various sexual difficulties (SDs) that may be due to motor and/or nonmotor symptoms or the use of antiparkinsonian medication. SDs are often underreported by PwPD and underexplored by physicians.
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to explore the SDs experienced by PwPD and create a scale for assessing them.
UNASSIGNED: A corpus of items was generated from semistructured interviews to represent the experience of PwPD as closely as possible. The number of items was reduced according to the psychometric properties, and the scale\'s structure was subsequently examined. The final phase consisted of measuring the scale\'s validity and reliability.
UNASSIGNED: After assessment of the original corpus of 59 items by PwPD and clinicians, a 25-item version was obtained. The analysis of item properties led to the removal of fifteen items. An exploratory factor analysis of the first 10-item version with a first PwPD sample identified four components of the SDs among PwPD: \"low sexual esteem,\" \"sexual displeasure,\" \"impact on sexual position\" and \"hypersexuality.\" With a second PwPD sample, a confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a satisfactory fit between the model with four components and the data. The 10-item scale had good internal consistency and good temporal reliability.
UNASSIGNED: The Parkinson\'s Disease Sexual Difficulties Scale (PD-SDS) is a valid screening tool that facilitates the investigation of and communication about PD-related SDs. It is intended to improve the identification of vulnerable PwPD and to target the domain of sexual experience impacted by PD to better support PwPD.