UNASSIGNED: Sarcoids and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are the most concerning equine oncological diseases. Both tumors are challenging to manage due to their invasive behavior and high prevalence of recurrences. Furthermore, SCCs have a propensity to metastasize. Programed cell-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been one of the main therapeutic targets for immunotherapy in various human tumors. PD-L1 research in equine tumors is scarce and more efforts are necessary to understand the potential of this biomarker as a therapeutical target.
UNASSIGNED: Evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 in equine sarcoids and SCC.
UNASSIGNED: Thirteen equine tumors (seven sarcoids and 6 SCCs) were tested by immunohistochemistry and evaluated semi quantitatively to assess the percentage of positive cells.
UNASSIGNED: None of the sarcoids presented PD-L1 expression. Regarding SCC, 2 tumors presented <10% of labeled cells; 2 tumors presented 10%-25% of labeled cells and 2 tumors presented 25%-50% of labeled cells. There were statistically significant differences between sarcoids and SCC regarding the expression of PD-L1.
UNASSIGNED: Our results point to the fact that PD-L1 could be a potential therapeutic target against SCC, and also encourage in-depth studies in this area, with larger sample sizes.

UNASSIGNED: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem immune disease with a high rate of hospitalization. There is a paucity of large population-based studies on sarcoid inpatients. We aimed to examine the reasons for hospitalizations and mortality of adult sarcoid patients utilizing the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.
UNASSIGNED: Adult hospitalizations in 2016-2019 NIS database with sarcoidosis (ICD-10 code D86) were analyzed. The \"reason for hospitalization\" and \"reason for in-hospital death\" were divided into 19 organ system/disease categories based on their principal ICD-10 hospital billing diagnosis.
UNASSIGNED: Among the 330,470 sarcoid hospitalizations, cardiovascular (20.4%) and respiratory (16.9%) diagnoses were the most common reasons for hospitalization. The most common individual diagnoses were sepsis and pneumonia. In-hospital death occurred in 2.4% of sarcoid hospitalizations. The most common reasons for death were infectious (30%), cardiovascular (20.7%), and respiratory (20.3%) diagnoses. The most common individual diagnoses in the deceased group were sepsis and respiratory failure. Finally, the sarcoid group had a higher frequency of complications including arrhythmias/heart blocks, heart failure, cranial neuropathies, hypercalcemia, iridocyclitis, myocarditis, and myositis. Sarcoid inpatients had longer length of stay (4 vs 3 days; p < .001) and higher median total hospital charges ($36,865 vs $31,742; p < .001).
UNASSIGNED: The most common reasons for sarcoid hospitalizations were cardiovascular and respiratory. Nearly 1 in 40 hospitalizations resulted in death, with most common complications being conduction abnormalities and heart failure. The most common causes of in-hospital death were sepsis and respiratory failure. Sarcoid hospitalizations had 16% higher total hospital charges compared to nonsarcoid inpatients.

Soft tissue tumors/sarcomas (STSs) in felines, encompassing a variety of mesenchymal tumors with similar histomorphological features, present diagnostic challenges due to their diverse cellular origins and the overlap with other tumor types such as feline sarcoid. This study aimed to delineate the clinical, histomorphological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of 34 feline facial spindle cell tumors affecting 29 cats, including testing for bovine papillomavirus type 14 (BPV14), the virus causing feline sarcoids. Only five out of 12 tumors previously diagnosed as feline sarcoids based on histomorphology were confirmed by PCR for BPV14, underscoring the importance of comprehensive diagnostic approaches to accurately distinguish between STSs and feline sarcoids. This study shows that most facial spindle cell tumors were compatible with peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) based on positive immunohistochemical staining for Sox10 and other immunohistochemical markers such as GFAP, NSE, and S100. Some of these tumors displayed as multiple independent masses on the face or as erosive and ulcerative lesions without obvious mass formation, an atypical presentation and an important highlight for general practitioners, dermatologists, and oncologists. This study also describes periadnexal whorling of neoplastic cells as a novel histomorphologic finding in feline facial PNSTs and emphasizes Sox10 as a useful complementary immunohistochemical marker for the diagnosis of facial PNST in cats, providing valuable insights for veterinary pathologists.

Sarcoid-like reaction (SLR) has been reported in patients with solid tumor malignancies, lymphomas, and patients receiving immunotherapy. SLR is often incidentally found during positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans as hilar and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy. SLR has also been found in the lung, spleen, bone marrow, and skin. Biopsy of these lesions shows noncaseating granulomas. When systemic criteria are not met for sarcoidosis, these noncaseating granulomas are termed SLR. We present the first case in the literature of a case of orbital SLR in a patient with concomitant diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and inverted papilloma of the maxillary sinus. This case highlights the importance of including malignancy in the differential for the presence of a noncaseating granuloma in the orbit.

BACKGROUND: This is the first report of Besnoitia bennetti in donkeys in Ireland. B. bennetti, an apicomplexan protozoan parasite specific to equids, is an emerging pathogen in Europe. This parasite forms chronic intracytoplasmic cysts in cells of the mesenchymal lineage, mainly fibroblasts, in the skin, sclera and mucosa. Clinical signs in affected equine hosts vary from mild to severe debilitating disease. Little is known of the phylogeny, epidemiology or transmission of B. bennetti infection in donkeys, mules or horses.
METHODS: Two cases of besnoitiosis in donkeys are presented. Both donkeys were born and raised in theSouthwest of Ireland. The first case was a 2.5-year-old donkey that had a suspect sarcoid removed, while the second case,a 2-year-old donkey, had a biopsy of nodular dermatitis of the muzzle. Diagnosis was made by histopathology and the parasite species, B. bennetti, was confirmed by PCR followed by sequencing and microsatellite analysis. Both donkeys had high antibody titres against Besnoitia spp. Small (0.5 mm) scleral, conjunctival and dermal cysts over the muzzle were subsequently observed in both animals. Treatment with trimethoprim sulfadiazine for 30 days did not lead to clinical resolution. The findings are compared to the cases of besnoitiosis in donkeys reported in the past 10 years throughout Europe.
CONCLUSIONS: Besnoitiosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for chronic skin disease particularly in cases of cutaneous masses, non-pruritic dermatitis, and dermatitis that is not responsive to treatment in donkeys and other equids. Future studies are needed to investigate the prevalence of the disease in Irish donkeys, the spread of the disease and the potential impact on the health and welfare of the donkeys.

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) can mimic any cardiomyopathy due to its ability to manifest with a variety of clinical presentations. The exact prevalence of CS remains unknown but has been reported ranging from 2.3% to as high as 29.9% among patients presenting with new onset cardiomyopathy and/or atrioventricular block. Early and accurate diagnosis of CS is often challenging due to the nature of disease progression and lack of diagnostic reference standard. The current diagnostic criteria for CS are lacking in sensitivity and specificity. Here, we review the contemporary role of advanced imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging in diagnosing and prognosticating patients with CS.

UNASSIGNED: Neurosarcoidosis (NS) is a challenging diagnosis, particularly when cases occur in low-prevalence, non-endemic geographic regions. In the United States, the highest incidence is in the Midwest and Northeast, compared to our Southwest location. While it is well known that NS may clinically and neuroradiographically mimic meningeal carcinomatosis, autoimmune or infectious pachymeningitis, neurosyphilis, or tuberculosis, diagnosis may be particularly challenging if systemic signs of sarcoidosis are lacking or unconfirmed or if dural-based masses are present. We reviewed our Colorado experience with NS cases, focusing our study on cases where NS represented the first histological confirmation of disease.
UNASSIGNED: A search of departmental databases was conducted with the search term \"neurosarcoidosis\" to identify cases 1-2008 to 12-2019, inclusive of the given case numbers. Patients were only included if their clinical and neuroimaging features were unusual and only when a biopsy of the central nervous system (CNS) represented the first confirmed diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 17 cases were identified, of which the biopsy of the CNS was used for the initial confirmation of the disease in 9 of them. The most unusual findings were two patients with dural-based masses, one of which had pure NS as the cause of meningioma-like lesions and the second of which had coexistent meningioma and intimately admixed non-necrotizing granulomas of NS.
UNASSIGNED: NS with unusual features, especially in non-endemic areas, continues to yield diagnostic challenges for neurologists, neuroradiologists, and pathologists.

Equine sarcoids are common skin tumors that are thought to be caused by cross-species infection by bovine papillomaviruses (BPV). A 16-year-old horse developed a 1cm diameter mandibular gingival mass opposite the right second premolar tooth (406) and a 2cm diameter mass close to the commissure of the lips on the same side of the mouth. The right cheek was diffusely thickened. Histology of the smaller mass revealed a proliferation of mesenchymal cells covered by hyperplastic epithelium that formed thick rete pegs. BPV2 DNA was amplified from the mass. Although the mass had been incompletely excised, there was no recurrence after 5 months. The histological features and detection of BPV2 DNA is consistent with a diagnosis of equine sarcoid. Sarcoids have not previously been reported in the oral cavity of horses. It is hypothesized that trauma to the mouth may have been important for sarcoid development. Additionally, different BPV types may have variable ability to infect the gingiva. While rare, sarcoids are a differential for an oral mass in a horse.

BACKGROUND: Nonexcisional tissue biopsies facilitate pre-operative confirmation of equine sarcoid yet fear of lesion deterioration currently limits its use in the diagnostic workup.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a single punch biopsy on tumour growth dynamics [thickness, area, circumference, viral load (VL) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS)].
METHODS: Six client-owned horses with 11 sarcoids of various classification.
METHODS: Growth dynamics were recorded on a weekly basis, 12 weeks pre- and 24 weeks post-biopsy. The effect of a single punch biopsy on growth dynamics was estimated by linear mixed-effect models. Spearman\'s rank correlation coefficient (SRCC) was calculated to investigate correlations with the number of weeks before and after the intervention.
RESULTS: While statistically significant post-biopsy changes were recorded for all parameters except VL, no parameter was consistently increased after the biopsy intervention. In two of 11 sarcoids, the VL correlation pattern revealed significant strong correlations: sarcoid 6 (pre: r = -0.66, p < 0.05; post: r = 0.81, p < 0.001), increased VL; and sarcoid 8 (pre: r = 0.85, p < 0.001; post: r = 0.17, p > 0.05), no further increase after biopsy.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that post-biopsy lesion deterioration is not a general concept that applies to all sarcoids, and both deterioration or improvement are possible outcomes over a 24-week period. Further clinical studies with a larger sample size are needed before a definitive conclusion can be made.
背景: 非切除组织活检有助于马肉样瘤的术前确认，但目前对病变恶化的担忧限制了其在诊断检查中的使用。 目的: 评估单次活检对肿瘤生长动态 [厚度、面积、周长、病毒载量 (VL) 和视觉模拟量表 (VAS)] 的影响。 动物: 六匹客户拥有的马，患有 11 种不同类别的肉样瘤。 材料和方法: 每周、活检前 12 周和活检后 24 周记录生长动态。 通过线性混合效应模型估计单次活检对生长动态的影响。 计算斯皮尔曼等级相关系数(SRCC)以调查与干预前后周数的相关性。 结果: 虽然除 VL 之外的所有参数均记录了具有统计学意义的活检后变化，但在活检干预后没有参数持续增加。 在 11 个肉样瘤病中的两个，VL 相关模式显示出显著的强相关性:肉样瘤 6(前:r = -0.66，p < 0.05；后:r = 0.81，p < 0.001)， VL 增加； 和肉样瘤 8(前:r = 0.85，p < 0.001；后:r = 0.17， p > 0.05)，活检后没有进一步增加。 结论和临床重要性: 我们的结果表明，不是所有肉样瘤都会发生活检后病变恶化，恶化或改善都是 24 周内可能出现的结果。 在得出明确结论之前，还需要进行更大样本量的进一步临床研究。.
BACKGROUND: Les biopsies tissulaires non excisionnelles facilitent la confirmation préopératoire du sarcoïde équin, mais la crainte d\'une détérioration de la lésion limite actuellement leur utilisation dans le bilan diagnostique.
OBJECTIVE: Évaluer l\'effet d\'une biopsie unique sur la dynamique de croissance de la tumeur [épaisseur, surface, circonférence, charge virale (CV) et échelle visuelle analogique (EVA)].
UNASSIGNED: Six chevaux appartenant à des clients et présentant 11 sarcoïdes de différentes classifications. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: La dynamique de croissance a été enregistrée sur une base hebdomadaire, 12 semaines avant et 24 semaines après la biopsie. L\'effet d\'une seule biopsie sur la dynamique de croissance a été estimé par des modèles linéaires à effets mixtes. Le coefficient de corrélation de rang de Spearman (SRCC) a été calculé afind’étudier les corrélations avec le nombre de semaines avant et après l\'intervention. RÉSULTATS: Bien que des changements post-biopsie statistiquement significatifs aient été enregistrés pour tous les paramètres à l\'exception du CV, aucun paramètre n\'a augmenté de façon constante après l\'intervention de biopsie. Dans deux des 11 sarcoïdes, le modèle de corrélation CV a révélé des corrélations fortes et significatives : sarcoïde 6 (pré : r = -0,66, p < 0,05 ; post : r = 0,81, p < 0,001), augmentation de la CV ; et sarcoïde 8 (pré : r = 0,85, p < 0,001 ; post : r = 0,17, p > 0,05), pas d\'augmentation supplémentaire après la biopsie.
UNASSIGNED: Nos résultats indiquent que la détérioration des lésions postbiopsie n\'est pas un concept général qui s\'applique à tous les sarcoïdes, et que la détérioration ou l\'amélioration sont des résultats possibles sur une période de 24 semaines. D\'autres études cliniques avec un échantillon plus important sont nécessaires avant de pouvoir tirer une conclusion définitive.
UNASSIGNED: Inzisionsbiopsien von Gewebe ermöglichen eine prä-operative Bestätigung des equinen Sarkoids, allerdings besteht die Gefahr der Verschlechterung der Läsionen und daher ist ihr Einsatz im diagnostischen Work-up zur Zeit limitiert.
UNASSIGNED: Eine Evaluierung des Einflusses einer einzelnen Stanzbiopsie auf die Dynamik des Tumorwachstums [Dicke, Gegend, Umfang, Viruslast (VL) und Visual Analog Scale (VAS)].
UNASSIGNED: Sechs Pferde in Privatbesitz mit 11 Sarkoiden verschiedenster Klassifikationen.
UNASSIGNED: Die Wachstumsdynamik wurde wöchentlich 12 Wochen vor und 24 Wochen nach der Biopsie festgehalten. Die Auswirkung einer einzelnen Stanzbiopsie auf die Wachstumsdynamik wurde mittels linear gemischter Modelle geschätzt. Der Spearman´s Rangkorrelationskoeffizient (SRCC) wurde kalkuliert, um die Korrelationen mit der Anzahl der Wochen vor und nach der Intervention zu untersuchen.
UNASSIGNED: Während alle statistisch signifikanten Veränderungen nach der Biopsie für alle Parameter außer VL festgehalten wurden, war keiner der Parameter nach der Biopsieentnahme konsistent erhöht. Bei zwei der 11 Sarkoide zeigte das VL-Korrelationsmuster signifikant starke Korrelationen: Sarkoid 6 (pre: r = -0,66, p < 0,05; post: r = 0,81, p < 0,001), erhöhte VL; und Sarkoid 8 (pre: r = 0,85, p < 0,001; post: r = 0,17, p < 0,001), keine weitere Zunahme nach der Biopsie.
UNASSIGNED: Unsere Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass eine Verschlechterung der Läsionen nach der Biopsie keinem allgemeinen Konzept entspricht, welches auf alle Sarkoide anzuwenden ist, sondern sowohl Verschlechterung wie auch Verbesserung stellen über eine Periode von 24 Wochen einen möglichen Ausgang dar. Es sind weitere klinische Studien nötig, bevor eine definitive Schlussfolgerung getroffen werden kann.
背景: 非切除組織生検は馬のサルコイドの術前確認を容易にするが、病変悪化の恐れがあるため、診断ワークアップでの使用は制限されているのが現状である。 目的: 本研究の目的は、一箇所の生検が腫瘍の成長動態[厚さ、面積、周囲長、ウイルス量(VL)、Visual Analog Scale(VAS)]に及ぼす影響を評価することであった。 対象動物: 様々な分類の11のサルコイドを有するオーナー所有馬6頭。 材料と方法: 生検前12週と生検後24週の成長動態を週単位で記録した。1回のパンチ生検が成長動態に及ぼす影響を線形混合効果モデルにより推定した。スピアマンの順位相関係数(SRCC)を算出し、介入前後の週数との相関を調べた。 結果: 生検後の変化はVLを除くすべてのパラメータで統計的に有意であったが、生検介入後に一貫して増加したパラメータはなかった。11個のサルコイドのうち2個では、VLの相関パターンが有意な強い相関を示した:サルコイド6(前:r = -0.66、p < 0.05、後:r = 0.81、p < 0.001)ではVLが増加し、サルコイド8(前:r = 0.85、p < 0.001、後:r = 0.17、p > 0.05)では生検後にそれ以上の増加はみられなかった。 結論と臨床的重要性: われわれの結果は、生検後の病変の悪化はすべてのサルコイドに当てはまる一般的な概念ではなく、悪化または改善の両方が24週間の間に起こりうる結果であることを示していた。確定的な結論を出すには、より多くのサンプル数を用いたさらなる臨床研究が必要である。.
UNASSIGNED: Biópsias de tecido não excisionais facilitam a confirmação pré-operatória do sarcóide equino, mas o medo da deterioração da lesão atualmente limita seu uso na investigação diagnóstica.
OBJECTIVE: Avaliar o efeito de uma biópsia por punch único na dinâmica de crescimento tumoral [espessura, área, circunferência, carga viral (CV) e Escala Visual Analógica (EVA)].
UNASSIGNED: Seis cavalos de propriedade do cliente com 11 sarcóides de diversas classificações. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O ritmo de crescimento foi registrada semanalmente, 12 semanas antes e 24 semanas após a biópsia. O efeito de uma biópsia por punção única na dinâmica do crescimento foi estimado por modelos lineares de efeitos mistos. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (SRCC) foi calculado para investigar correlações com o número de semanas antes e depois da intervenção.
RESULTS: Embora alterações pós-biópsia estatisticamente significativas tenham sido registradas para todos os parâmetros, exceto LV, nenhum parâmetro aumentou consistentemente após a intervenção da biópsia. Em dois dos 11 sarcoides, o padrão de correlação de VL revelou correlações fortes e significativas: sarcoide 6 (pré: r = -0,66, p < 0,05; pós: r = 0,81, p < 0,001), aumento de CV; e sarcóide 8 (pré: r = 0,85, p < 0,001; pós: r = 0,17, p > 0,05), sem aumento adicional após biópsia. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Nossos resultados indicam que a deterioração da lesão pós-biópsia não é um conceito geral que se aplica a todos os sarcoides, e tanto a deterioração quanto a melhora são resultados possíveis ao longo de um período de 24 semanas. Mais estudos clínicos com um tamanho de amostra maior são necessários antes que uma conclusão definitiva possa ser feita.
INTRODUCCIÓN: las biopsias de tejido por incisión facilitan la confirmación preoperatoria del sarcoide equino, pero el temor al deterioro de la lesión actualmente limita su uso en el estudio diagnóstico.
OBJECTIVE: Evaluar el efecto de una biopsia por punción única sobre la dinámica de crecimiento tumoral [grosor, área, circunferencia, carga viral (VL) y escala visual análoga (VAS)].
UNASSIGNED: Seis caballos de propietarios particulares con 11 sarcoides de diversas clasificaciones. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: La dinámica de crecimiento se registró semanalmente, 12 semanas antes y 24 semanas después de la biopsia. El efecto de una biopsia por punción única sobre la dinámica de crecimiento se estimó mediante modelos lineales de efectos mixtos. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de rangos de Spearman (SRCC) para investigar las correlaciones con el número de semanas antes y después de la intervención.
RESULTS: si bien se registraron cambios postbiopsia estadísticamente significativos para todos los parámetros excepto VL, ningún parámetro aumentó consistentemente después de la intervención de biopsia. En dos de 11 sarcoides, el patrón de correlación de VL reveló fuertes correlaciones significativas: sarcoide 6 (pre: r = -0,66, p < 0,05; post: r = 0,81, p < 0,001), aumento de VL; y sarcoide 8 (pre: r = 0,85, p < 0,001; post: r = 0,17, p > 0,05), sin aumento adicional después de la biopsia. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: Nuestros resultados indican que el deterioro de la lesión postbiopsia no es un concepto general que se aplique a todos los sarcoides, y tanto el deterioro como la mejoría son resultados posibles durante un período de 24 semanas. Se necesitan más estudios clínicos con un tamaño de muestra mayor antes de poder llegar a una conclusión definitiva.

Sarcoidosis embodies a complex inflammatory disorder spanning multiple systems, with its origin remaining elusive. It manifests as the infiltration of inflammatory cells that coalesce into distinctive noncaseous granulomas within afflicted organs. Unraveling this disease necessitates the utilization of cellular or tissue-based imaging methods to both visualize and characterize the biochemistry of these sarcoid granulomas. Although hematoxylin and eosin stain, standard in routine use alongside cytological stains have found utility in diagnosis within clinical contexts, special stains such as Masson\'s trichrome, reticulin, methenamine silver, and Ziehl-Neelsen provide additional varied perspectives of sarcoid granuloma imaging. Immunohistochemistry aids in pinpointing specific proteins and gene expressions further characterizing these granulomas. Finally, recent advances in spatial transcriptomics promise to divulge profound insights into their spatial orientation and three-dimensional (3-D) molecular mapping. This review focuses on a range of preexisting imaging methods employed for visualizing sarcoid granulomas at the cellular level while also exploring the potential of the latest cutting-edge approaches like spatial transcriptomics and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), with the overarching goal of shedding light on the trajectory of sarcoidosis research.