数字孪生是一个新概念,正在迅速获得认可,尤其是在医疗领域。的确,作为现实世界实体和过程的虚拟表示,数字孪生可以用来准确地表示患者的疾病,明确治疗目标,并实现个性化和精确的治疗。然而,尽管是一个革命性的概念,数字双胞胎在1型糖尿病(T1D)中的扩散仍然有限.在这次系统审查中,我们分析了结构,操作条件,以及为T1D开发的数字双胞胎的特征。我们的搜索涵盖了截至2024年3月的已发布文件:确定了220种出版物,其中37项是重复的条目;此外,在检查标题后删除了173种出版物,摘要,和关键词;最后,全面审查了11份出版物,其中8人被认为有资格列入名单。我们发现,所有八种方法都不是具有T1D的个体的全面多尺度虚拟副本,但是他们都专注于描述葡萄糖-胰岛素代谢,旨在模拟治疗干预产生的葡萄糖浓度。在这次审查中,我们将比较和分析这些数字孪生的不同因素,如工作原理(数学模型,孪生程序,验证和评估)和实际采用的关键方面(包括身体活动,孪生所需的数据,开源可用性)。我们将结束论文列表,在我们看来,是T1D中数字孪生的当前限制和未来指令,希望本文能对糖尿病技术研究人员进一步开发使用这种重要仪器有所帮助。
Digital twin is a new concept that is rapidly gaining recognition especially in the medical field. Indeed, being a virtual representation of real-world entities and processes, a digital twin can be used to accurately represent the patients\' disease, clarify the treatment target, and realize personalized and precise therapies. However, despite being a revolutionary concept, the diffusion of digital twins in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is still limited. In this systematic review, we analyzed structure, operating conditions, and characteristics of digital twins being developed for T1D. Our search covered published documents until March 2024: 220 publications were identified, 37 of which were duplicated entries; in addition, 173 publications were removed after inspection of titles, abstracts, and keywords; and finally, 11 publications were fully reviewed, of which 8 were deemed eligible for inclusion. We found that all eight methodologies are not comprehensive multi-scale virtual replicas of the individual with T1D, but they all focus on describing glucose-insulin metabolism, aiming to simulate glucose concentration resultant from therapeutic interventions. In this review, we will compare and analyze different factors characterizing these digital twins, such as operating principles (mathematical model, twinning procedure, validation and assessment) and the key aspects for practical adoption (inclusion of physical activity, data required for twinning, open-source availability). We will conclude the paper listing which, in our opinion, are the current limitations and future directives of digital twins in T1D, hoping that this article can be helpful to researchers working on diabetes technologies to further develop the use of such an important instrument.