Religion and spirituality have long been considered important social determinants of human health, and there exists an extensive body of research to support such. End-of-life (EOL) may raise complex questions for individuals about religious and spiritual (R/S) values guiding advance care planning (ACP) and EOL care decisions, including the provision of spiritual care. This commentary will review the history and current national trends of ACP activities for EOL, principally within the United States. It will describe the relationship of religious variables and the attributes of selected research instruments used to study religious variables on ACP and EOL preferences. The review also summarizes unique ACP challenges for patients with neurocognitive disorders and severe mental illness. Findings disclose that higher levels of religiosity, reliance on religious coping, conservative faith traditions, and \"belief in God\'s control over life\'s length and divine intervention have lower levels of ACP and more intensive EOL care preferences, although the provision of spiritual spiritual care at EOL mitigates intensive EOL care. Based upon the curated evidence, we propose an epistemological justification to consider \"faith\" as a separately defined religious variable in future ACP and EOL research. This review is relevant to geriatric psychiatrists and gerontological health care professionals, as they may be part of multidisciplinary palliative care teams; provide longitudinal care to patients with neurocognitive disorders and severe mental illness; and may provide diagnostic, emotional, and therapeutic services for patients and families who may struggle with EOL care decisions.

OBJECTIVE: Self-efficacy is the belief a person has regarding his success in completing a task. A high level of self-efficacy can affect one\'s thoughts and motivation to complete tasks well. Conversely, someone with low self-efficacy has a tendency to avoid difficult tasks. Self-efficacy can play a role in success in the future. This study aimed to develop a self-efficacy model for junior and senior high school students based on religious and family determinants.
METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design and simple sampling technique. The calculation result involved 158 samples. The independent variables were religious and family determinants. The dependent variable was self-efficacy. The data were collected using a questionnaire that was tested for validity and reliability. The analysis used a multiple linear regression test with a significance level of α ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS: The results showed self-efficacy was effectively determined by religion, communication, bonding and parenting factors. Overall, religion had the greatest role in influencing self-efficacy. Bonding and communication had an indirect effect on self-efficacy through parenting factors mediators.
CONCLUSIONS: Parenting factors influence self-efficacy indirectly through bonding and communication; however, parenting factors cannot be ignored. Religion was the biggest determinant of self-efficacy and capital of good self-control and strong conviction in completing tasks and achieving goals.