■有问题的低能量可用性(EA)是体育运动中相对能量不足(REDs)的根本原因,和它的后果已被认为是加剧时,伴随着低碳水化合物(CHO)的摄入量。
■这项研究比较了饮食摄入量,女运动员群体的营养状况和REDs症状的发生,显示不同模式的EA和CHO摄入量。
■来自各种运动的女运动员(n=41,平均年龄20.4岁)通过照片辅助移动应用程序称重并记录连续7天的食物摄入量和训练。根据EA和CHO摄入量的模式将参与者分为四组:足以达到最佳EA和足以达到最佳CHO摄入量(SEASCHO),SEA和低CHO摄入量(SEA+LCHO),低能量可用性和SCHO(LEA+SCHO),和LEA和LCHO(LEA+LCHO)。SEA模式的特征为EA≥30,LEA的特征为EA<30kcal/kg无脂肪质量,和SCHO模式的特征是在大多数注册天数中CHO摄入量≥3.0和LCHO<3.0g/kg体重。用双能X线吸收法测量身体成分,采用间接量热法收集静息代谢率和血清血样,以评价营养状况.使用女性低能量可用性问卷评估REDs的行为危险因素和自我报告症状,饮食失调检查问卷短(EDE-QS),运动成瘾清单,和肌肉畸形障碍量表。
■总共,36.6%被归类为SEA+SCHO,其中5/16是球类运动,7/10耐力,1/7美学,2/5重量级,和0/3体重级运动员。在LEA+LCHO运动员中(占总数的19.5%),50%来自球类运动。审美和耐力运动员报告了最大的训练要求,与球类运动相比,每周的训练时数更高(13.1±5.7vs.6.7±3.4h,p=0.012)。两名LEALCHO和一名SEALCHO运动员超过了EDE-QS截止值。LEA+LCHO评估他们的睡眠和能量水平更差,与SEA+SCHO相比,两个LEA组的恢复情况都较差。
■反复暴露于LEA和LCHO与女性运动员的一系列负面影响有关。在营养战略方面,足够的EA和CHO摄入量似乎是预防REDs的关键。
UNASSIGNED: Problematic low energy availability (EA) is the underlying culprit of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs), and its consequences have been suggested to be exacerbated when accompanied by low carbohydrate (CHO) intakes.
UNASSIGNED: This study compared dietary intake, nutrition status and occurrence of REDs symptoms in groups of female athletes, displaying different patterns of EA and CHO intake.
UNASSIGNED: Female athletes (n = 41, median age 20.4 years) from various sports weighed and recorded their food intake and training for 7 consecutive days via a photo-assisted mobile application. Participants were divided into four groups based on patterns of EA and CHO intakes: sufficient to optimal EA and sufficient to optimal CHO intake (SEA + SCHO), SEA and low CHO intake (SEA + LCHO), low energy availability and SCHO (LEA + SCHO), and LEA and LCHO (LEA + LCHO). SEA patterns were characterised by EA ≥30 and LEA by EA <30 kcal/kg fat free mass, and SCHO patterns characterised by CHO intake ≥3.0 and LCHO <3.0 g/kg body weight for most of the registered days. Body composition was measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, resting metabolic rate with indirect calorimetry and serum blood samples were collected for evaluation of nutrition status. Behavioural risk factors and self-reported symptoms of REDs were assessed with the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short (EDE-QS), Exercise Addiction Inventory, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory.
UNASSIGNED: In total, 36.6% were categorised as SEA + SCHO, of which 5/16 were ball sport, 7/10 endurance, 1/7 aesthetic, 2/5 weight-class, and 0/3 weight-class athletes. Of LEA + LCHO athletes (19.5% of all), 50% came from ball sports. Aesthetic and endurance athletes reported the greatest training demands, with weekly training hours higher for aesthetic compared to ball sports (13.1 ± 5.7 vs. 6.7 ± 3.4 h, p = 0.012). Two LEA + LCHO and one SEA + LCHO athlete exceeded the EDE-QS cutoff. LEA + LCHO evaluated their sleep and energy levels as worse, and both LEA groups rated their recovery as worse compared to SEA + SCHO.
UNASSIGNED: Repeated exposures to LEA and LCHO are associated with a cluster of negative implications in female athletes. In terms of nutrition strategies, sufficient EA and CHO intakes appear to be pivotal in preventing REDs.