背景:在这个数字时代,儿童通常在儿童早期开始使用互联网。研究强调,由于个人限制和社会影响,幼儿容易患网络成瘾(例如,家庭和学校)。网络成瘾会对儿童的健康和幸福产生长期有害影响。对于像幼儿这样的弱势群体来说,网络成瘾的高风险引发了人们对如何最好地预防这一问题的质疑。
目的:本综述研究旨在调查现有的干预措施,并探讨预防或降低12岁以下儿童网络成瘾风险的未来方向。
方法:系统评价遵循PRISMA(系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目)指南进行。我们从4个研究数据库(Scopus,WebofScience,PubMed,和PsycINFO)。我们纳入了14项主要研究,讨论了预防或减少幼儿网络成瘾风险的干预措施及其疗效结果。
结果:确定的预防干预措施分为以下四种方法:(1)儿童教育,(2)育儿策略,(3)战略性身体活动,(4)咨询。十种干预措施在预防或减少网络成瘾风险方面显示出良好的效果,具有中小效果。与迫使儿童减少屏幕时间的干预相比,增强儿童在具有适当的在线行为和识字能力的干预措施更有可能显示出更好的功效。将儿童的注意力从在线活动转移到现实世界活动的干预措施在减少与互联网的接触方面也显示出有希望的功效。从而防止成瘾行为。我们还确定了每种方法的局限性(例如,暂时性,可访问性,和实施)作为制定未来干预措施的宝贵考虑因素。
结论:研究结果表明,需要开发更可持续和可访问的干预措施,以通过教育鼓励健康的在线行为,适当的育儿策略,和替代活动,以防止儿童对互联网的过度依赖。开发数字工具和社会支持系统有助于提高能力,效率,以及干预措施的可及性。未来的干预措施还需要考虑其在家庭背景或文化中的适当性,并提供适当的实施培训。最后,政策制定者和专家还可以通过制定设计指南来做出贡献,以防止数字产品开发人员制造可能鼓励儿童过度使用的产品。
BACKGROUND: In this digital age, children typically start using the internet in early childhood. Studies highlighted that young children are vulnerable to internet addiction due to personal limitations and social influence (eg, family and school). Internet addiction can have long-term harmful effects on children\'s health and well-being. The high risk of internet addiction for vulnerable populations like young children has raised questions about how best to prevent the problem.
OBJECTIVE: This review study aimed to investigate the existing interventions and explore future directions to prevent or
reduce internet addiction risks in children younger than 12 years.
METHODS: The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We searched for relevant literature from 4 research databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO). We included 14 primary studies discussing the interventions to prevent or
reduce internet addiction risks in young children and their efficacy outcomes.
RESULTS: The preventive interventions identified were categorized into four approaches as follows: (1) children\'s education, (2) parenting strategy, (3) strategic physical activity, and (4) counseling. Ten interventions showed promising efficacy in preventing or reducing internet addiction risks with small-to-medium effect sizes. Interventions that enhance children\'s competencies in having appropriate online behaviors and literacy were more likely to show better efficacy than interventions that force children to
reduce screen time. Interventions that shift children\'s focus from online activities to real-world activities also showed promising efficacy in reducing engagement with the internet, thereby preventing addictive behaviors. We also identified the limitations of each approach (eg, temporariness, accessibility, and implementation) as valuable considerations in developing future interventions.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the need to develop more sustainable and accessible interventions to encourage healthy online behaviors through education, appropriate parenting strategies, and substitutive activities to prevent children\'s overdependence on the internet. Developing digital tools and social support systems can be beneficial to improve the capability, efficiency, and accessibility of the interventions. Future interventions also need to consider their appropriateness within familial context or culture and provide adequate implementation training. Last, policy makers and experts can also contribute by making design guidelines to prevent digital product developers from making products that can encourage overuse in children.