Rapid adaptation to sudden changes in the environment is a hallmark of flexible human behaviour. Many computational, neuroimaging, and even clinical investigations studying this cognitive process have relied on a behavioural paradigm known as the predictive-inference task. However, the psychometric quality of this task has never been examined, leaving unanswered whether it is indeed suited to capture behavioural variation on a within- and between-subject level. Using a large-scale test-retest design (T1: N = 330; T2: N = 219), we assessed the internal (internal consistency) and temporal (test-retest reliability) stability of the task\'s most used measures. We show that the main measures capturing flexible belief and behavioural adaptation yield good internal consistency and overall satisfying test-retest reliability. However, some more complex markers of flexible behaviour show lower psychometric quality. Our findings have implications for the large corpus of previous studies using this task and provide clear guidance as to which measures should and should not be used in future studies.

While standardized assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to gestational diabetes and hypertension is possible with a valid tool, existing research remains limited. This prospective validation study aimed to develop and validate a novel tool to assess the KAP of midwives and obstetric nurses. We included 125 midwives and obstetric nurses who routinely care for patients with gestational diabetes and hypertension. The tool demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha): knowledge (0.729, 95% CI, 0.654-0.776), attitude (0.756, 95% CI, 0.690-0.814), and practices (0.925, 95% CI, 0.905-0.943). Difficulty indices (d) ranged from 0.38 to 0.99 (knowledge), 0.41 to 0.99 (attitudes), and 0.41 to 0.93 (practices), indicating appropriate item difficulty. Discrimination indices (D) confirmed items could differentiate between respondents with low and high knowledge levels (D range: 0.02-0.77 for knowledge, 0.06-0.64 for attitudes, 0.20-0.84 for practices). The robust psychometric properties of this tool support its use in future research on KAP related to diabetes and gestational hypertension management in midwives and nurses. This instrument has the potential to be valuable in various settings, including baseline assessment before educational programs or evaluation of learning outcomes after interventions.

BACKGROUND: While emotion recognition difficulties in moderate-severe TBI are well established, the standard measures of emotion recognition significantly limit the conclusions which can be drawn regarding real-life deficits. Two studies report on the development of CAVEAT, a new measure of emotion recognition that attempts to overcome these limitations.
METHODS: These studies were designed to establish CAVEAT\'s psychometric properties by examining performance of a TBI group and matched controls in order to provide estimates of its reliability and validity (study 1), and to compare performance of the TBI and control groups on a subgroup of emotions from the CAVEAT that represented the six basic emotions used in conventional emotion research (study 2). Thirty-two participants with TBI and 32 matched controls (study 1) and 16 participants with TBI and 12 matched controls (study 2) participated in this study.
RESULTS: CAVEAT demonstrated high construct validity and internal consistency. Performance on the subgroup of \"basic\" six emotions was largely similar to the rates reported in the literature.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings provided some evidence for the psychometric properties of CAVEAT, indicating that it can be used as a clinical test for assessing emotion recognition in people with moderate-severe TBI.

BACKGROUND: Substance use disorders (SUD) are associated with several neurobiological disruptions, including biases in attention and approach/avoidance behaviour. The aims of this study were to compare the strength of cognitive biases between light and problematic drinkers, to explore the role of IQ on the cognitive biases and to study the psychometric qualities of the measures.
METHODS: Participants (N = 130) were divided into four groups based on IQ and severity of alcohol use-related problems: light (n = 28) and problematic drinkers (n = 25) with (sub)average IQ and light (n = 33) and problematic drinkers (n = 44) with mild to borderline intellectual disability (MBID). All participants performed the visual dot probe task and the approach avoidance task to measure the strength of cognitive biases.
RESULTS: In contrast with the hypothesis, no cognitive biases were found in problematic drinkers. Full scale IQ nor level of craving influenced the strength of the cognitive biases in light and problematic drinkers, although IQ did influence task performance (i.e. large intra-individual, trial-to-trial variation in reaction time). The internal consistency of the visual dot probe task was good, whereas the internal consistency of the approach avoidance task was poor.
CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive biases seem to vary within the group of problematic drinkers as a whole. The psychometric qualities of the measures are problematic, especially in relation to the intra-individual variability in reaction time found in participants with MBID. Until the implications of this variability on the validity of implicit measures and establishing bias scores are more clear, the use of these measures in individuals with MBID calls for scrutiny.