氧化应激常影响脂质的结构和代谢,在多不饱和游离脂肪酸(PUFA)的情况下,这会导致脂质过氧化(LPO)的自催化链反应。PUFA的LPO导致各种醛的形成,如丙二醛,4-羟基壬烯醛(4-HNE),4-羟基己烯醛,和4-氧代-2-壬烯醛。在反应性醛中,4-HNE是LPO的主要生物活性产物,对结合蛋白质有很高的亲和力。这篇综述简要讨论了通过免疫吸附测定(4-HNE-ELISA)确定的4-HNE及其蛋白质加合物评估方案在已知与氧化应激相关的各种疾病的患者中的适用性的可用信息。LPO,4-HNE尽管应用的方案和使用的抗体有所不同,所有研究都证实了4-HNE-ELISA用于研究目的的有效性.由于不同的方案和使用的抗体在应用于相同的样品时会产生不同的值,4-HNE-ELISA应与其他补充分析方法结合使用,以便在患者和健康个体中获得的值之间进行比较.尽管变化很大,本文综述的研究大多显示,与健康个体相比,患者样本中的4-HNE-蛋白加合物水平显著升高.与在患者中研究的任何其他生物标志物一样,优选不仅进行单次分析,而且在多个时间点进行测量,以监测氧化应激发生的动态和对引起氧化应激的疾病的全身反应。这对急性疾病尤其重要,由于血液中4-HNE-蛋白质加合物的个体水平在几天内可以根据健康状况波动超过三倍,如COVID-19患者所示。
Oxidative stress often affects the structure and metabolism of lipids, which in the case of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (PUFAs) leads to a self-catalysed chain reaction of lipid peroxidation (LPO). The LPO of PUFAs leads to the formation of various aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 4-hydroxyhexenal, and 4-oxo-2-nonenal. Among the reactive aldehydes, 4-HNE is the major bioactive product of LPO, which has a high affinity for binding to proteins. This review briefly discusses the available information on the applicability of assessment options for 4-HNE and its protein adducts determined by immunosorbent assay (the 4-HNE-ELISA) in patients with various diseases known to be associated with oxidative stress, LPO, and 4-HNE. Despite the differences in the protocols applied and the antibodies used, all studies confirmed the usefulness of the 4-HNE-ELISA for research purposes. Since different protocols and the antibodies used could give different values when applied to the same samples, the 4-HNE-ELISA should be combined with other complementary analytical methods to allow comparisons between the values obtained in patients and in healthy individuals. Despite large variations, the studies reviewed in this paper have mostly shown significantly increased levels of 4-HNE-protein adducts in the samples obtained from patients when compared to healthy individuals. As with any other biomarker studied in patients, it is preferred to perform not only a single-time analysis but measurements at multiple time points to monitor the dynamics of the occurrence of oxidative stress and the systemic response to the disease causing it. This is especially important for acute diseases, as individual levels of 4-HNE-protein adducts in blood can fluctuate more than threefold within a few days depending on the state of health, as was shown for the COVID-19 patients.