The objective of the present study was to explore the influence of dietary supplementation with a mixed additive (MA) containing a probiotic and anti-mycotoxin (Saccharomyces cerevisiae RC016 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus RC007) and its interaction on the performance and health (biochemistry and liver/intestine histopathology) of broilers fed diets contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at 506000±22.1ng/kg. The MA contained S. cerevisiae RC016 (1×107cells/g) and L. rhamnosus RC007 (1×108cells/g) in relation 1:1. A total of sixty-one-day-old Cobb broilers were randomly allocated into four treatment groups with three replicates of 5 birds each for a five-week-old feeding experiment. The experimental diet for each treatment (T) was formulated as follows: T1, a commercial diet (CD); T2, CD+AFB1; T3, CD+0.1% MA; T4, CD+AFB1+0.1% MA. The MA improved (p<0.01) production parameters (weight gain, conversion rate, and carcass yield) and reduced (p<0.01) the toxic effect of AFB1 on the relative weight of the livers. In addition, the macro and microscopic alterations of livers and the possible intestinal injury related to histological damage in the presence of mycotoxin were reduced. The use of probiotic MA based on S. cerevisiae RC016 and L. rhamnosus RC007 in animal feed provides greater protection against mycotoxin contamination and is safe for use as a supplement in animal feed, providing beneficial effects that improve animal health and productivity. This is of great importance at the economic level for the avian production system.

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Recent clinical studies have yielded controversial results regarding the effect of probiotics on cognitive function in Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects. To clarify the efficacy of probiotics on cognition, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Instructions of the PRISMA 2020 statement were followed. Literature from the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were systematically searched and manually screened for relevant published RCTs. We performed statistical analysis using RevMan, and assessed the risk of bias using the R software.
A total of 12 studies comprising 852 patients with MCI or AD were identified. The results of meta-analysis showed that probiotics improved global cognitive function (SMD=0.67; 95% CI, 0.32, 1.02), recall/delayed memory (SMD=0.67; 95% CI: 0.32, 1.02), attention (SMD=0.31; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.58) and visuospatial/constructional (SMD=0.24; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.42) cognitive domain.
This meta-analysis found that probiotic supplementation is associated with an improvement in cognitive performance among patients with AD and MCI. However, current evidence is limited, and more reliable large-scale RCTs with higher methodological quality are needed.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal functional disorder mainly characterised by abdominal pain, bloating and altered bowel habits. Dysbiosis might seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Probiotics represent a potential treatment, since these could favour the functional microbiota and improve symptoms. The aim was to review the effectiveness of the use of probiotics in IBS symptomatology, analysing the influence of duration and dose. 18 articles were included. At the individual level, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Bacillus could be useful in the treatment of symptoms. Bifidobacterium bifidum reported the best results (1 × 109 CFU/day for 4 weeks). The most effective combination was 2 Lactobacillus strains, one of Bifidobacterium and one of Streptococcus (4 × 109 CFU/day for 4 weeks). Future clinical trials should confirm these results and analyse the difference between individual and combined treatments.

The synergistic effect of microencapsulation in pectin microgels and inulin extracted from native crops of Jerusalem artichoke (JAI) was evaluated as a natural strategy to increase the survival of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans F2 selected for its probiotic properties in Oncorhynchus mykiss. The strain was able to grow and ferment JAI in modified MRS broth, increasing cell population (∼+5 log units) with a net decrease in pH (6.2±0.2 to 4.0±0.5). Encapsulation of F2 in pectin microgels in the presence of JAI improved the survival of the strain not only during storage but also after exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Viable entrapped cells in the presence of the prebiotic were significantly higher (8.2-8.4log CFU/g) than without it (∼7.00log CFU/g) after 56 days at 4°C. These results encourage further implementation of these techniques for the formulation of functional feeds using natural alternative sources of inulin with greater viability on storage conditions and digestibility.

The human body is populated by myriads of microorganisms throughout its surface and in the cavities connected to the outside. The microbial colonisers of the intestine (microbiota) are a functional and non-expendable part of the human organism: they provide genes (microbiome) and additional functions to the resources of our species and participate in multiple physiological processes (somatic development, nutrition, immunity, etc.). Some chronic non-communicable diseases of developed society (atopias, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory diseases, cancer and some behaviour disorders) are associated with dysbiosis: loss of species richness in the intestinal microbiota and deviation from the ancestral microbial environment. Changes in the vertical transmission of the microbiome, the use of antiseptics and antibiotics, and dietary habits in industrialised society appear to be at the origin of dysbiosis. Generating and maintaining diversity in the microbiota is a new clinical target for health promotion and disease prevention.

UNASSIGNED: To compare the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women with three or more risk factor to developing GDM supplemented with myo-inositol plus probiotics versus women care without supplementation.
UNASSIGNED: Retrospective cohort study, group 1, women with supplementation (myo-inositol 2g plus Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 5x108 UFC, twice per day, from 12-14 to 28 weeks of gestation; group 2, women with prenatal care without supplementation, matched by age and body mass index (BMI). The primary outcome was the incidence of GDM using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria.
UNASSIGNED: Group 1 n=48, group 2 n=96. There were no significant baseline differences between groups in age, BMI and number of risk factors. The incidence of GDM in group 1 was n=14 (29.2%), and for group 2 n=46 (47.9%); RR: 0.61 (95% CI: 0.37-0.99; p = 0.03).
UNASSIGNED: Supplementation from 12-14 weeks of gestation with myo-inositol plus probiotics decrease the incidence of GDM in Mexican women.
UNASSIGNED: Comparar la incidencia de diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) en mujeres con tres o más factores de riesgo para desarrollar DMG suplementadas con mioinositol más probióticos versus mujeres sin suplementación.­.
UNASSIGNED: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, grupo 1, mujeres con suplementación (mioinositol 2 g más Bifidobacterium lactis y Lactobacillus rhamnosus 5x108unidades formadoras de colonias, dos veces al día, de las 12-14 hasta las 28 semanas de gestación); grupo 2, mujeres con control prenatal habitual sin suplementación, pareadas por edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC). El resultado primario fue la incidencia de DMG utilizando los criterios de la Asociación Internacional de Grupos de Estudio de Diabetes y Embarazo.
UNASSIGNED: Grupo 1, n = 48, y grupo 2 n = 96. No hubo diferencias significativas en características basales como edad, IMC, y numero de factores de riesgo entre los grupos. La incidencia de DMG en el grupo 1 fue n = 14 (29.2%) y en el grupo 2 n = 46 (47.9%); RR: 0.61 (IC 95%: 0.37-0.99; p = 0.03).
UNASSIGNED: La suplementación desde las 12-14 semanas de gestación con mioinositol más probióticos disminuye la incidencia de DMG en mujeres mexicanas.

UNASSIGNED: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects between 5 and 40% of pregnant women. Recently different interventions with nutritional supplements have been evaluated for prevention of GDM.
UNASSIGNED: To perform a synthesis of the evidence on the efficacy of nutritional supplements (myo-inositol, probiotics, and vitamin D) in the prevention of GDM.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic search in PubMed and Cochrane library was performed, including systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials (RCTs), published in English or Spanish until May 2020, using the keywords: \"prevention\", \"gestational diabetes\", \"hyperglycemia and pregnancy\", \"supplementation\", \"probiotics\", \"myo-inositol\" and \"vitamin D\".
UNASSIGNED: 10 systematic reviews that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Myo-inositol supplementation compared to placebo decreased the incidence of GDM (RR: 0.44 [0.27-0.87]; five RCTs), low quality of evidence. Although the supplementation with vitamin D or probiotics during pregnancy could reduce the incidence of GDM the evidence is limited.
UNASSIGNED: Myo-inositol supplementation is effective for prevention of GDM in high-risk women. Supplementation with vitamin D or probiotics probably decreases the incidence of GDM.
UNASSIGNED: La diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) afecta a entre el 5 y el 40% de mujeres embarazadas. Recientemente se han evaluado diferentes intervenciones con suplementos nutricionales para prevenir la DMG.
UNASSIGNED: Realizar una síntesis de la evidencia sobre eficacia de suplementos nutricionales (mioinositol, probióticos y vitamina D) para prevenir DMG.
UNASSIGNED: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed y la biblioteca Cochrane, se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas de estudios clínicos aleatorizados (ECAs), publicados en idioma inglés o español hasta mayo de 2020; se utilizaron las palabras clave: “prevención”, “diabetes gestacional”, “hiperglicemia y embarazo”, “suplementación”, “probióticos”, “mio-inositol” y “vitamina D”.
UNASSIGNED: Se analizaron 10 revisiones sistemáticas que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La suplementación con mioinositol comparado con placebo disminuyó la incidencia de DMG (RR: 0.44; IC 95%: 0.27-0.87; cinco ECAs). Si bien la suplementación con vitamina D o probióticos durante el embarazo podría disminuir la incidencia de DMG, la evidencia es limitada.
UNASSIGNED: La suplementación con mioinositol es efectiva para prevenir DMG en mujeres de alto riesgo. La suplementación con vitamina D o probióticos probablemente disminuye la incidencia de DMG.

In recent years, there has been an increase in studies of the implications of the gut microbiota (GM) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is a hypothesis which propose a relationship between the emotional state and the abundance of intestinal microbes through the so-called microbiota-intestine-brain axis. In this sense, dysbiotic GM could be a contributing factor to the appearance of ASD. This systematic review article analyzes the results of the intervention using prebiotics (carrot powder, vitamin A, partially hydrolyzed guar gum, galactooligosaccharides, etc.), probiotics (mainly: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, etc.) and transplantation of fecal microbiota in ASD children. In conclusion, the results of the initial studies suggest changes in ASD symptoms, gastro-intestinal symptoms and GM composition after the interventions. However, the results should be taken with caution because there are very few studies that analyze the efficacy of long-term treatments and the different combinations of them.

UNASSIGNED: The objective of the study was to estimate the effects of synbiotics on laboratory, macroscopic, and histopathologic features in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) experimental colitis.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 40 Wistar rats received 5% of DSS in their drinking water for 8 days to induce ulcerative colitis (UC). Eight rats were sacrificed to confirm the presence of UC. The remaining rats were randomly assigned to two groups: the synbiotics group, which received synbiotics once per day and the control group, which received tap water for another 8 days.
UNASSIGNED: On the 8th day of DSS administration animals developed UC with bloody diarrhea. In the majority of the hematologic variables studied (hemoglobin [HB], red blood cells, platelets, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular HB), in bodyweight and histopathologic colitis score there was no significant difference between groups. However, the synbiotics group, compared to control, presented a significantly greater colon length on the 4th day, significantly increased hematocrit (HT) on the 8th day, and a significantly decreased number of myeloperoxidase positive cells on the 8th day. Furthermore, there was a trend toward histopathological and clinical improvement.
UNASSIGNED: Administration of synbiotics in the experimental UC results in an attenuation of mucosal inflammatory neutrophil infiltration and an increase in HT.
UNASSIGNED: Estimar los efectos de los simbióticos en la colitis experimental causada por dextrano sulfato de sodio (DSS).
UNASSIGNED: Cuarenta ratas Wistar recibieron DSS al 5% en su agua de beber por 8 días para inducir colitis ulcerosa (CU). Ocho ratas fueron sacrificadas para confirmar la presencia de CU. Las ratas restantes fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a dos grupos: un grupo que recibió simbióticos una vez al día y un grupo control que recibió agua del grifo por 8 días.
UNASSIGNED: En el octavo día de la administración de DSS los animales desarrollaron CU con diarrea sanguinolenta. En la mayoría de las variables hematológicas estudiadas (hemoglobina, glóbulos rojos, plaquetas, volumen corpuscular medio, hemoglobina corpuscular media), en el peso corporal y en la clasificación histopatológica de la CU no hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Sin embargo, el grupo con simbióticos, en comparación con el grupo control, presentó una longitud del colon más larga en el cuarto día, un hematocrito muy aumentado en el octavo día y un número de células mieloperoxidasa positivas significativamente reducido en el octavo día. Además, hubo una tendencia hacia un mejoramiento histopatológico y clínico.
UNASSIGNED: La administración de simbióticos en la CU experimental tiene como resultado una atenuación de la infiltración inflamatoria de neutrófilos de la mucosa y un aumento del hematocrito.