本文报告了有关整个希腊325只羊群和119只羊群的生殖管理模式的发现。目的是描述绵羊和山羊农场的生殖管理模式,强调与这些管理模式相关的因素以及农场各种生殖管理方法的临床应用,并建立与生产结果的潜在关联。成年绵羊和山羊交配期开始的中位数月份为五月和六月,对于母羊羔羊和替代山羊,分别是8月和9月,分别。成年交配期的中位持续时间为2个月,替换期的中位持续时间为1个月。在绵羊和山羊农场中,雌性动物与雄性动物的中位数比例为22:1和25:1,分别。在33.2%和16.8%的绵羊和山羊养殖场中应用了繁殖控制,分别,主要通过阴道内孕激素海绵,很少通过褪黑激素植入物;多变量分析表明有5个(挤奶厅的可用性,农场里的母羊数量,每日挤奶次数,农民每天在农场度过的时间,家庭中的农业传统)和两个(每天挤奶的数量,挤奶厅的可用性)预测因素在绵羊和山羊农场,分别。在36.6%和16.8%的绵羊和山羊养殖场中进行了超声诊断,分别是;多变量分析表明为显著的三个(适用于农场的管理系统,农民的年龄,家庭中的农业传统)和两个(适用于农场的管理系统,挤奶厅的可用性)预测因素在绵羊和山羊农场,分别。对生殖和妊娠诊断的控制与怀孕期间接种疫苗的数量增加有关:分别为2.6和2.7,与2.2和2.1在农场,他们没有进行。绵羊和山羊养殖场平均每只雌性动物出生的羔羊/孩子数量为1.33±0.01和1.30±0.02,分别;五(控制繁殖,农场的位置,工作人员的存在,与兽医实践合作,母羊品种)和两个(控制繁殖,雌性山羊的品种)在绵羊和山羊养殖场中确定了预测因子,分别,大量的羔羊/孩子。羔羊/孩子在50岁和65岁时被带出水坝,分别。平均扑杀年龄(女性,雄性)绵羊和山羊分别为5.9和4.4岁和6.9和4.9岁,分别。农民采购动物作为从农场移走的动物的替代品,主要来自他们自己农场的动物,考虑与牛奶生产相关的标准。最后,控制繁殖的应用与牛奶产量和新生儿数量的增加有关,而动物的剔除年龄与产奶量呈负相关。
This paper reports findings regarding patterns of reproductive management in 325 sheep flocks and 119 goat herds throughout Greece. The objectives were to describe the patterns of reproductive management in sheep and goat farms, to highlight factors that were associated with these management patterns and the clinical application of the various reproductive management approaches in the farms and to establish potential associations with production outcomes. The median months of the start of the mating period for adult sheep and goats were May and June, respectively and for ewe lambs and replacement goats these were August and September, respectively. The median duration of the mating period was 2 months for adults and 1 month for replacements. The median ratio of female to male animals was 22:1 and 25:1 in sheep and goat farms, respectively. Control of reproduction was applied in 33.2% and 16.8% of sheep and goat farms, respectively, mostly by intravaginal progestagen sponges and less often by melatonin implants; multivariable analysis indicated five (availability of milking parlour, number of ewes in a farm, number of daily milkings, daily period spent by farmers at the farm, farming tradition in the family) and two (number of daily milkings, availability of milking parlour) predictors in sheep and goat farms, respectively. Pregnancy diagnosis ultrasonographically was performed in 36.6% and 16.8% of sheep and goat farms, respectively; multivariable analysis indicated as significant three (management system applied in farms, age of farmer, farming tradition in the family) and two (management system applied in farms, availability of milking parlour) predictors in sheep and goat farms, respectively. The control of reproduction and pregnancy diagnosis were associated with a higher number of vaccinations during pregnancy: 2.6 and 2.7, respectively, versus 2.2 and 2.1 in farms where they were not performed. The average per farm number of lambs/kids born per female animal was 1.33 ± 0.01 and 1.30 ± 0.02 for sheep and goat farms, respectively; five (control of reproduction, location of the farm, presence of working staff, collaboration with veterinary practice, breed of ewes) and two (control of reproduction, breed of female goats) predictors were identified in sheep and goat farms, respectively, for high numbers of lambs/kids. Lambs/kids were taken away from their dams at the age of 50 and 65 days, respectively. The average culling age (females, males) was 5.9 and 4.4 years and 6.9 and 4.9 years for sheep and goats, respectively. Farmers sourced animals to be used as replacements for those removed from the farm, mostly from the animals in their own farms, considering criteria related to milk production. Finally, the application of the control of reproduction was associated with increased milk production and the number of newborns, whilst an inverse correlation between the culling age of animals and milk production was seen.