UNASSIGNED: The significance of maternal liver health concerning preterm birth (PTB) is well recognized; however, there is a gap in understanding the precise influence of preconception serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels on the risk of PTB.
UNASSIGNED: In this retrospective cohort study, a J-shaped relationship between preconception serum ALT levels and risk of PTB was observed, indicating that both significantly elevated and decreased ALT levels may contribute to the risk.
UNASSIGNED: Maintaining optimal preconception serum ALT levels may reduce the risk of PTB, thereby informing specific preventive measures for women of reproductive age.

UNASSIGNED: Many students enter science classrooms with misconceptions about scientific principles. One of the most perceived controversial scientific principle for students is evolution. Students struggle to learn and accept evolution due to the many misconceptions students have interacted with before they enter a biology class. Evolution misconceptions come from many sources, such as religious beliefs, textbooks, and even unprepared educators. However, with students spending on average over seven hours a day viewing popular media, it is crucial to investigate further the accuracy of the portrayals of evolution in popular media.
UNASSIGNED: We gathered data on the sources students saw evolution portrayed in popular media and determined what misconceptions were present in these popular media references. We found that 96% of the popular media references mentioned by students in our study inaccurately depicted evolution. The two most common misconceptions we observed in popular media were that evolution was depicted as a linear process and that individual organisms evolve instead of populations.
UNASSIGNED: Popular media does a poor job depicting evolution, which may be why many students are hesitant to learn evolution and overcome misconceptions. We suggest that these incorrect portrayals of evolution may provide an engaging way to teach correct evolutionary principles in the classroom.

Medical crowdfunding provides opportunities for individuals who lack financial resources to access the health services that they need. Despite the popularity of medical crowdfunding, the current understanding of the success of medical crowdfunding campaigns is fragmented and inadequate.
We aimed to comprehensively investigate which factors lead to the success of medical crowdfunding campaigns.
A search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ACM Digital Library, and ScienceDirect from 2010 to June 2020. Papers directly and indirectly related to the success of medical crowdfunding campaigns were included. Two reviewers independently extracted information on the success of medical crowdfunding campaigns.
Our search yielded 441 articles, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. Medical crowdfunding is increasingly attracting academic attention, and most studies leverage text analysis as their research methods; however, there is a lack of consensus on the definition of medical crowdfunding among researchers. Four categories of factors that affect the success of medical crowdfunding were identified: platforms, raisers, donors, and campaigns.
Although some limitations exist in our systematic review, our study captured and mapped literatures of the success of medical crowdfunding campaigns systematically, which can be used as the basis for future research on this topic.

Some smokers have safety and cost concerns about nicotine replacement therapy which discourage its use. We recruited 56 young adult light smokers to read detailed descriptions of a hybrid nicotine replacement therapy, a prescription drug treatment, scheduled reduced smoking, and a menu of self-help tactics. Participants listed five reasons smokers might reject each strategy. An emergent-category content analysis classified each response with a high degree of inter-rater reliability. Only one-third of 32 concerns were strategy-specific; the majority focused on the general difficulty of quitting. Most prevalent were \"continued cravings,\" \"addiction too strong,\" \"takes too long,\" and \"won\'t work.\" These and other concerns reflect conceptual obstacles to be surmounted in smoking-cessation interventions.

BACKGROUND: The focus of education in nursing has changed over time with a decreased focus on biomedicine and an increased focus on nursing science. It is therefore important to investigate whether these changes are also reflected in the students\' conceptions and expectations of the programme over time.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to describe and compare two cohorts of students entering the nursing programme with 10year in between (2003 and 2013), regarding their demographic background, reasons for wanting to become a registered nurse, expectations of the programme and perceptions of the nursing profession.
METHODS: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional cohort study carried out at a university in southern Sweden.
METHODS: In all, 177 nursing students participated in the study, 89 from the 2003 cohort and 88 from the 2013 cohort.
METHODS: Data were collected at the start of the programme using a questionnaire consisting of predefined and open-ended questions. The responses were statistically analysed and compared.
RESULTS: The students\' reasons for wanting to become a registered nurse remained stable over the 10-year period. The main reason stated by the students in both cohort was humanitarian, i. e wanting to help others. The students\' expectations regarding both the programme and the nursing profession had, however, changed significantly from a biomedical to a nursing orientation in the 10-year perspective.
CONCLUSIONS: The change in the students\' preconceptions of the nursing education towards increasing importance of nursing science indicates the beginning of a paradigm shift.

This study investigates people\'s preconceptions of green roofs and their visual preference for different green roof design alternatives in relation to behavioral, social and demographical variables. The investigation was performed as a visual preference study using digital images created to represent eight different alternatives: gravel roof, extensive green roof with Sedums not in flower, extensive green roof with sedums in bloom, semi-intensive green roof with sedums and ornamental grasses, semi-intensive green roof with shrubs, intensive green roof planted with a lawn, intensive green roof with succulent and trees and intensive green roof with shrubs and trees. Using a Likert-type scale, 450 respondents were asked to indicate their preference for each digital image. Results indicated that respondents\' sociodemographic characteristics and childhood environmental background influenced their preferences toward different green roof types. Results also showed that green roofs with a more careful design, greater variety of vegetation structure, and more variety of colors were preferred over alternatives.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to describe preconceptions and expectations of older adults about getting hearing aids and to explore the influence of hearing loss (HL), hearing aid experience, gender, age, and marital status on these preconceptions and expectations.
METHODS: A total of 174 participants aged above 65 years were randomly selected from a waiting list for hearing aid fitting. Hearing threshold was tested using pure tone audiometry. A self-report questionnaire with a specific focus on preconceptions and expectations about getting hearing aids, external influences, and the psychosocial problems associated with HL and the use of a hearing aid was administered.
RESULTS: A FACTOR ANALYSIS REVEALED THREE FACTORS: positive expectations, barriers, and social pressure. Cronbach\'s α was 0.847 for positive expectations and 0.591 for barriers. Cronbach\'s α was not statistically applicable to the social pressure factor, as it consisted of only one item. Adjusted linear regression analysis revealed that participants with moderate to severe HL and hearing aid experience had a significant increase in positive expectations. Male gender was associated with fewer barriers to hearing aids. Age and marital status had no influence on the three factors.
CONCLUSIONS: Less positive expectations and more problem-oriented preconceptions among subjects with mild HL may explain why hearing aids are scarcely used. Additionally, lower estimated need and modest plans for regular use among this group could mean hearing aids are not used. Rehabilitation should focus on investment of time, continuity of use, realistic expectations, and follow-up support.