玉米(玉米ssp。Mays)与它的一个野生亲戚不同,TeosinteZeaMaysssp.parvigluis,大约9000年前在墨西哥西南部的低地。在这种分歧之后,玉米在整个美洲迅速扩张,成为主食。这种分散伴随着重大的人口统计学和选择性变化,导致了许多具有复杂进化史的当地品种的发展,但仍未完全理解。近年来,基因组的进步挑战了传统的玉米驯化模型,并传播到南美。已经描述了至少三种与不同迁徙波相关的不同遗传谱系:祖先安第斯,低地祖先,和泛美。此外,玉米提辛的重要作用。墨西哥,最近发现了现代玉米的进化。基因组研究揭示了高原适应过程,揭示了中美洲和南美洲大部分独立的适应事件。随着新证据的出现,玉米多样性背后的区域复杂性和对全面的需求,多尺度方法变得显而易见。面对气候变化和不断发展的农业景观,南美本地玉米的保护越来越受到人们的关注,基因组学是鉴定和保存本地适应种质遗传变异性的宝贵工具。
Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) diverged from one of its wild relatives, the teosinte Zea mays ssp. parviglumis, in the lowlands of southwest Mexico approximately 9000 years ago. Following this divergence, maize rapidly expanded throughout the Americas, becoming a staple food. This dispersal was accompanied by significant demographic and selective changes, leading to the development of numerous local varieties with a complex evolutionary history that remains incompletely understood. In recent years, genomic advances have challenged traditional models of maize domestication and spread to South America. At least three distinct genetic lineages associated with different migratory waves have been described: ancestral Andean, ancestral Lowland, and Pan-American. Additionally, the significant role of the teosinte Zea mays ssp. mexicana, in the evolution of modern maize has been recently uncovered. Genomic studies have shed light into highland adaptation processes, revealing largely independent adaptation events in Meso- and South America. As new evidence emerges, the regional complexity underlying maize diversity and the need for comprehensive, multi-scale approaches become evident. In the face of climate change and evolving agricultural landscapes, the conservation of native maize in South America is of growing interest, with genomics serving as an invaluable tool for identifying and preserving the genetic variability of locally adapted germplasm.