■野火的规模正在增加,频率,和严重性。荒地-城市界面和顺风社区的人口暴露于高浓度的细颗粒物(PM2.5)和野火烟雾的其他有害成分的风险增加。我们进行了这项分析,以评估使用野火烟雾的模型预测来创建县级的烟雾暴露措施,以进行公共卫生研究和监测。
■我们评估了四年(2015-2018年)基于网格的北美中尺度(NAM)从美国森林服务局BlueSky建模框架中得出的PM2.5预测以及来自环境保护署空气质量系统(AQS)的监测数据,受保护的视觉环境的机构间监测(改进),西部区域气候中心(WRCC),以及机构间实时烟雾监测(AIRSIS)计划。为了评估模型导出的估计和基于监控的观察之间的关系,我们通过空间评估了斯皮尔曼的相关性(即,县,城市化水平,受重大野火影响的美国西部各州,和气候区域)和时间(即,月份和野火活动期)特征。然后,我们生成了县级烟雾估计值,并检查了烟雾暴露的总天数和个人天数的时空模式。
■在美国的所有县和所有日子里,县级模型和监测得出的PM2.5估计值之间的相关性为0.14(p<0.001)。使用来自临时监测器的数据以及受高野火烟雾影响的地区和天数的相关性更强,尤其是在美国西部。非大都市县县级模型和监测得出的估计之间的相关性,在较高的浓度范围为0.25至0.54(p<0.001)。
■一般来说,公共卫生从业者和健康研究人员需要考虑与进行健康分析的建模数据产品相关的利弊。我们的结果支持使用模型导出的烟雾估计来识别受重烟事件影响的社区,特别是在紧急响应期间和位于野火事件附近的社区。
UNASSIGNED: Wildfires are increasing in magnitude, frequency, and severity. Populations in the wildland-urban interface and in downwind communities are at increased risk of exposure to elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and other harmful components of wildfire smoke. We conducted this analysis to evaluate the use of modeled predictions of wildfire smoke to create county-level measures of smoke exposure for public health research and surveillance.
UNASSIGNED: We evaluated four years (2015-2018) of grid-based North American Mesoscale (NAM)-derived PM2.5 forecasts from the U.S. Forest Service BlueSky modeling framework with monitoring data from the Environmental Protection Agency Air Quality System (AQS), the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE), the Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC), and the Interagency Real Time Smoke Monitoring (AIRSIS) programs. To assess relationships between model-derived estimates and monitor-based observations, we assessed Spearman\'s correlations by spatial (i.e., county, level of urbanization, states in the western United States impacted by major wildfires, and climate regions) and temporal (i.e., month and wildfire activity periods) characteristics. We then generated county-level smoke estimates and examined spatial and temporal patterns in total and person-days of smoke exposure.
UNASSIGNED: Across all counties in the coterminous United States and for all days, the correlation between county-level model- and monitor-derived PM2.5 estimates was 0.14 (p < 0.001). Correlations were stronger using data from temporary monitors and for areas and days impacted by high wildfire smoke, especially in the western United States. Correlations between county-level model- and monitor-derived estimates in non-metropolitan counties, and at higher concentrations ranged from 0.25 to 0.54 (p < 0.001).
UNASSIGNED: In general, public health practitioners and health researchers need to consider the pros and cons associated with modeled data products for conducting health analyses. Our results support the use of model-derived smoke estimates to identify communities impacted by heavy smoke events, especially during emergency response and for communities located near wildfire episodes.