Regional budget assessments of methane (CH4) are critical for future climate and environmental management. CH4 emissions from rice cultivation (CH4-rice) constitute one of the most significant sources. However, previous studies mainly focus on historical emission estimates and lack consideration of future changes in CH4-rice under climate change or anthropogenic policy intervention, which hampers our understanding of long-term trends and the implementation of targeted emission reduction efforts. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variations of CH4-rice over the past two decades, using an integrated method to identify the major drivers and predict future emissions under climate change scenarios and policy perspectives. Results indicate that the CH4-rice emissions in China ranged between 6.21 and 6.57 Tg yr-1 over the past two decades, with a spatial distribution characterized by decreases in the south and increases in the north, associated with economic development, dietary shifts, technological advancements, and climate change. Factors such as the rate of straw added (RSA), fertilization, soil texture, temperature, and precipitation significantly influence CH4 emissions per unit rice production (CH4-urp), with RSA identified as the most significant tillage management factor, explaining 32 % of the variance. Lowering RSA to 8 % is beneficial for reducing CH4-urp. Scenario analysis indicates that under policies focusing on production or demand, CH4-rice is expected to increase by 0.3 % to 5.6 %, while adjusting RSA can reduce CH4-rice by 9.4 % to 10.0 %. Structural adjustments and regional cooperation serve as beneficial starting points for controlling and reducing CH4-rice in China, while optimizing industrial layouts contributes to regional development and CH4-rice control. Implementing policies related to maintaining field and crop yields can achieve a balance between rice supply and demand ahead of schedule. Dynamic adjustment of rice cultivation based on supply-demand balance can effectively reduce CH4-rice from excess rice production. By 2060, the reduction effect could reach 8.95 %-12.01 %. Introducing policy-driven tillage management measures as reference indicators facilitates the reduction of CH4-rice.

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African immigrants are moving to high-income nations such as Canada in greater numbers in search of a better life. These immigrants frequently struggle with several issues, including limited social support, shifts in gender roles/status, cultural conflicts with their children, and language barriers. We used participatory action research (PAR) to gather data about Sub-Saharan African immigrants residing in Alberta, Canada, with a focus on their viewpoints, difficulties, and experiences of parenting children in Canada. We contextualized our study and its findings using both postcolonial feminism and transnationalism approaches. Study findings show African immigrant parents place a high priority on respect between generations. The absence of assistance, conflicts caused by culture, and language barriers are notable difficulties they encountered in parenting. An additional factor is a lack of acquaintance with and comprehension of the culture of their new home nation. Several implications stem from our findings, including the need for interventional research that explores effective, culturally relevant strategies for enhancing parenting among African immigrants. Our findings demonstrate the need for culturally sensitive policies and practices that support the transition and integration of African immigrant families into Canadian society. It is imperative for health care providers and policy makers to develop and revise culturally appropriate policies that take into consideration the importance of African immigrants in destination countries. Adopting culturally relevant policies and practices will improve the wellbeing of this growing but underprivileged minority of Canadians.

The Western Pacific region is a diverse region experiencing fast economic growth and nutrition transition. We systematically examined 94 cohort studies on the associations of dietary and other lifestyle factors on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the region. These studies were mainly from China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore. Patterns and changes in lifestyle risk factors for NCDs based on national surveys were examined. They showed some dietary intake improvements over the past three decades, featured as increased consumption of unsaturated oils, fruits, and vegetables, and decreased consumption of sodium and unhealthy fat. Despite a decrease in smoking rate and salt intake, the values remained higher than the global levels in 2019. The ultra-processed food intake in the region increased at a higher rate than the global estimate. National guidelines relevant to NCDs in five selected countries were highlighted. Strong future actions and policies are needed to tackle NCDs.

The Latinx community represents the largest racial minority population in the nation. There are significant barriers to care and treatment as it relates to obstetrics and gynecology. Understanding cultural considerations is essential to improving care in this community. Public health strategies as well as policies to address racial health disparities facing the Latinx community are explored in this article.

Land use competition among economic development, food security and ecological protection posed challenges for the sustainable development in resource-based cities, especially those represented by coal resource-based cities in China. Predicting future land use change under the coupled framework of shared socioeconomic pathways and representative concentration pathways (SSP-RCPs) was a crucial step in devising sustainable development strategies. In this study, the patch-generated land use simulation (PLUS) model coupled with SSP-RCP scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, SSP585) was used to predict land use changes from year 2020 to 2060, identify key management regions for balancing the goals of ecological protection and food security, and propose corresponding measures. The results showed that, (1) the selected driving factors and model parameters effectively simulated land use changes with an Overall accuracy of 0.95, a Kappa coefficient of 0.92, a Figure of Merit of 0.16, an Exchange error ≤5.69 %, a Shift error ≤1.04 %, and a Quantity error ≤0.67 %. (2) All the scenarios, it was observed that the grassland continued to decrease by 0.86 % to 7.34 %, and the forest and built-up land continued to increase, of which forest increased by 2.34 % to 4.03 %, and built-up land increased by 21.02 % to 61.08 %. Cropland only increased in SSP585 scenario, by 4.76 %, but declining by 2.93 % in SSP126 and SSP245 scenario. (3) In future scenarios, the expansion of built-up land has escalated the risk of cropland and grassland loss. Based on the distribution of key land use conversions, four categories of prioritized land management regions and corresponding measures have been proposed. This provided a potential pathway to mitigate risks associated with the protection of cropland and ecological land. Therefore, this study was instrumental in understanding the mechanisms of land use changes in coal resource-based cities, and provided a reference for land use planning.

In this article, we summarize key findings from 20 years of research conducted at the intersection of developmental psychology and juvenile justice in the United States. We predominantly examine data from two large-scale, multisite longitudinal studies involving justice-system-involved adolescents-the Pathways to Desistance study and the Crossroads study. Topics of discussion include predictors of offending and desistance from crime; youth outcomes and psychosocial needs; and emerging research, programs, and policy initiatives. First, individual-level (e.g., age, psychosocial maturity) and contextual-level (e.g., antisocial peers, exposure to violence) risk factors associated with offending are explored. Second, we discuss short-term and long-term outcomes of justice-system contact for youths engaging in moderate offenses. We highlight main findings from the Crossroads study indicating that youths who are sanctioned by the justice system at their first arrest have worse outcomes than youths who are diverted from formal processing. Additionally, we discuss the high prevalence of youths\' exposure to violence and mental health disorders as well as the differential treatment of youths of color in the justice system. Third, we extend the conversation to justice-system-involved young adults and discuss emerging, innovative legal solutions, including young adult courts. Last, we discuss real-world implications of these findings.

UNASSIGNED: This article aims to determine the effectiveness and extent of measures taken to decrease the severity of traffic crashes in Barcelona from 2013 to 2018. This will be achieved through an analysis of the traffic crash data.
UNASSIGNED: Our approach involves the use of binary logistic regression models. We rely on the traffic crash dataset from 2010-2019 available in the Open Data Barcelona platform.
UNASSIGNED: The outcomes obtained from the suggested models are contrasted with the strategies outlined in the Local Road Safety Plan 2013-2018 to minimize the severity of crashes. Effective preventive actions were identified, such as road safety educational programs, creating calm zones, enhancing pedestrian crossings, or expanding bicycle lanes. However, certain measures were found to be ineffective or their impact remained uncertain.
UNASSIGNED: Our findings indicate that the measures implemented in Barcelona may have participated in and influenced the decrease in the severity of traffic incidents over the past decade. Notably, fatalities have decreased more than severe injuries. More attention should be given to less effective measures such as speed controls and drug/alcohol testing.

The use of alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been practiced because of the restrictions on legacy PFASs. However, knowledge gaps exist on the ecological risks of alternatives and relationships between restrictions and emissions. This study systematically analyzed the occurrence characteristics, water-sediment partitioning behaviors, ecological risks, and emissions of legacy and alternative PFASs in the Bohai Bay Rim (BBR). The mean concentration of total PFASs was 46.105 ng/L in surface water and 6.125 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments. As an alternative for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) had a concentration second only to PFOA in surface water. In sediments, perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) and GenX were the two predominant contaminants. In the water-sediment partitioning system, GenX, 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanone-1-sulfonic acid (F-53B), and 11-chloroeicosafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonic acid (8:2 Cl-PFESA) tended to be enriched towards sediments. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) models revealed the low ecological risks of PFASs and their alternatives in the BBR. Moreover, predicted no-effected concentrations (PNECs) indicated that short-chain alternatives like PFBA and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were safer for aquatic ecosystems, while caution should be exercised when using GenX and F-53B. Due to the incremental replacement of PFOA by GenX, cumulative emissions of 1317.96 kg PFOA and 667.22 kg GenX were estimated during 2004-2022, in which PFOA emissions were reduced by 59.2 % due to restrictions implemented since 2016. If more stringent restrictions are implemented from 2023 to 2030, PFOA emissions will further decrease by 85.0 %, but GenX emissions will increase by an additional 21.3 %. Simultaneously, GenX concentrations in surface water are forecasted to surge by 2.02 to 2.45 times in 2023. This study deepens the understanding of PFAS alternatives and assists authorities in developing policies to administer PFAS alternatives.

BACKGROUND: Yemen has been experiencing a protracted civil war and humanitarian crisis since 2015, which has resulted in many war-related injuries. However, there is a lack of data on the epidemiology, characteristics, and outcomes of these injuries, especially the orthopedic ones. This study aimed to describe the war-related orthopedic injuries in Yemen and their impact on the patients\' health and function.
METHODS: This was a retrospective study based on medical records and trauma registries of 3930 patients who were admitted to three major trauma centers in Sana\'a city with war-related orthopedic injuries from January 2015 to December 2020. We collected data on demographics, injury mechanisms, injury types and locations, surgical procedures, complications, mortality, and functional outcomes using the Musculoskeletal Function Assessment questionnaire. We used descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data and performed a logistic regression analysis to identify the factors associated with mortality.
RESULTS: Most of the patients were young males and civilians who suffered from complex and severe injuries involving multiple body regions, especially the lower extremities. The main mechanisms of injury were gunshot wounds, blast injuries, and landmine explosions. The patients required multiple surgical procedures and implants, and had high rates of complications and mortality. The most common complications were infection, nonunion, malunion, and amputation. The most common cause of death was sepsis. The functional outcomes were poor, as indicated by the high mean MFA score. The logistic regression analysis showed that older age, blast injuries, spine injuries, vascular injuries, and infection were significant predictors of mortality.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable information on the war-related orthopedic injuries in Yemen and their impact on the patients\' health and function. It also identifies some areas for future research, such as exploring the risk factors for infection and nonunion/malunion, evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different surgical procedures and implants, assessing the long-term outcomes and quality of life of the patients, and developing novel strategies to enhance bone and soft-tissue healing.