Background Although there has been steady growth in the number of postgraduate nurse practitioner (NP) and physician assistant/associate (PA) residency and fellowship programs in the United States, little is known about annual salaries paid to trainees across a national sample of postgraduate programs and specialties. We describe postgraduate program NP and PA trainee salaries and the relationship to specific variables. Methodology An electronic survey was distributed via email to 336 postgraduate NP, PA, and joint NP/PA residency/fellowship programs between November 2023 and December 2023. Frequency tables (for categorical variables) and descriptive statistics (for continuous variables) were used to summarize the data. Chi-square tests of independence were used to determine the relationship between trainee salary and program type, geographical location, and clinical setting. Results There was a statistically significant association between trainee salary for primary care and clinical profession (χ2(6) = 13.993, p = 0.022). Over half of NP respondents (52.1%) reported that their trainees had an annual salary between $76000 and $86000. The majority of PA respondents (57.1%) reported that their trainees had an annual salary below $75000. Respondents who were non-clinical professionals (50.0%) reported that their trainees had an annual salary of over $86000. The single physician respondent also reported that their trainees\' had an annual salary of over $86000. It appears that PA respondents were more likely to report lower trainee salaries than respondents who were NPs and non-clinical professionals. Additionally, respondents associated with primary care joint NP/PA cohorts were more likely to report higher trainee salaries than participants having NP-only cohorts. Lastly, there was a statistically significantly positive relationship between trainee salary and the number of postgraduate advanced practice provider (APP) trainees in psychiatric mental health (τb = 0.451, p = 0.006). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this national study is the first of its kind to examine and summarize APP postgraduate trainee annual salaries across multiple specialties. Additional studies are needed to clarify the relationships between trainee salaries and other variables.

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California like many other states is facing a severe shortage of primary care physicians and access to primary care is uneven across the state. It is well documented that California has the highest number of designated primary care health professional shortage areas in the country. Although physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) are estimated to make up a large portion of California\'s primary care workforce by 2030, outdated and unnecessary statutory requirements such as the physician-to-PA supervision ratio requirement represent a practice barrier in expanding access to care. Other states have either eliminated or revised their physician-to-PA supervision ratios in favor of expanding access to health care services. Therefore, this editorial represents a call for coordinated actions from local and state entities to address California\'s outdated physician-to-PA supervision ratio requirement. NPs are mentioned briefly as they have achieved a pathway to full practice authority in California.

UNASSIGNED: Dutch ambulance service faces future challenges due to acute care development, patient changes, demographics, increased ambulance runs and regional differences. Ambulance Care Netherlands published a framework titled \"Pilot physician assistant and nurse practitioner ambulance care\". Within this framework, a role is proposed so that their qualifications can provide solutions to future challenges. Despite the introduction of nurse practitioners and physician assistants into Dutch ambulance care, little is known about the effects of this introduction or the tasks these professionals perform. Nevertheless, they are being called upon, even though it is not known whether their potential contribution to the desired outcome described in the framework.
UNASSIGNED: This study aims to provide an overview of all nurse practitioners and physician assistants working in Dutch ambulance care and the tasks they perform.
UNASSIGNED: We used a cross-sectional exploratory study design. The nurse practitioners and physician assistants participated in a structured telephone survey.
UNASSIGNED: Emergency ambulance services in the Netherlands.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 56 respondents participated in a telephone survey.
UNASSIGNED: We found 53 nurse practitioners and 20 physician assistants working in Dutch ambulance care, 56 participated in the survey. Their performance of both direct care and indirect care tasks differed considerably. While some nurse practitioners and physician assistants were fully autonomous in-patient care, others were bound by regulations and restrictions.
UNASSIGNED: We found large variations between respondents in direct and indirect care task, number of working hours, and the different positions within the different Emergency ambulance services in the Netherlands. As a result, the established framework cannot presently function but can provide sound guidance to different ambulance services in positioning their nurse practitioners or physician assistants.

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BACKGROUND: Compared to Anglo-American countries, physician assistants (PA) remain an underrepresented professional group within the German healthcare system. In the surgical disciplines, PAs may relieve the administrative burden of doctors by taking on delegable routine tasks, thus creating time and resources for advanced surgical training.
OBJECTIVE: According to interprofessional experts, can the use of PA lead to an optimization of surgical training and a gain in time for surgical qualification in Germany?
METHODS: After searching for systematic reviews of the current state of knowledge, an online survey was initiated among surgeons and PAs via social networks to determine current and desired clinical areas of activity for PAs in surgery and their future influence on specialist training in Germany.
RESULTS: A total of nine systematic reviews were identified, suggesting a beneficial impact of PAs on length of stay, direct costs, and treatment outcomes in surgical scenarios. The online survey included 234 surgeons and 114 PAs. Hospitals with ≥ 90 surgical beds employed PAs far more frequently (65%) than smaller institutions (40%). Although both professional groups are generally highly satisfied with the integration of PAs into clinical workflows, there are gradually different opinions about the preferred spectrum of tasks and duties.
CONCLUSIONS: PAs would like to have greater responsibility in ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, communicating with patients, and working in the operating theater. Surgeons are concerned that PAs could replace surgical interns and residents. PAs may enrich healthcare in Germany on various levels and can also improve surgical training. The voice and needs of all professional groups must be considered and respected during the upcoming health system reform.
UNASSIGNED: HINTERGRUND: Das Berufsbild des Physician Assistant (PA) ist im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern im deutschen Gesundheitssystem noch unterrepräsentiert. Gerade in den operativen Fächern könnten PA Ärzt*innen durch die Übernahme von delegierbaren Routinetätigkeiten entlasten und somit auch Zeit und Ressourcen für die chirurgische Weiterbildung schaffen. ZIEL: Es wurde die Frage gestellt, ob nach Einschätzung interprofessioneller Expert(inn)en der Einsatz von PA zu einer Optimierung der chirurgischen Weiterbildung und zum Zeitgewinn für die operative Qualifizierung in Deutschland führen kann.
METHODS: Nach einer Recherche von systematischen Übersichtsarbeiten zum derzeitigen Kenntnisstand i. S. eines „Umbrella Review“ wurde über soziale Netzwerke eine Online-Umfrage unter Chirurg*innen und PA initiiert, welche aktuelle und gewünschte klinische Tätigkeitsfelder von PA in der Chirurgie sowie deren zukünftigen Einfluss auf die fachärztliche Weiterbildung in Deutschland beschreiben sollte.
UNASSIGNED: Es wurden 9 systematische Reviews identifiziert, welche international einen günstigen Einfluss von PA auf die stationäre Verweildauer, direkte Kosten und Behandlungsergebnisse im chirurgischen Szenario nahelegen. Vollständige Fragebögen aus der Online-Umfrage lagen von 234/284 (82 %) Chirurg*innen und 114/117 (97 %) PA vor. Kliniken mit ≥ 90 chirurgischen Betten beschäftigten weitaus häufiger PA (65 %) als kleinere Institutionen (40 %). Bei grundsätzlich hoher Zufriedenheit beider Berufsgruppen mit der Integration von PA in klinische Arbeitsabläufe bestehen graduell unterschiedliche Auffassungen über deren Schwerpunktausrichtung. Physician Assistants wünschen sich eine höhere Verantwortung in der Anordnung und Interpretation diagnostischer Tests, der Kommunikation mit Patient*innen und im OP. Chirurg*innen sind besorgt, dass PA ärztliche Stellen ersetzen könnten.
CONCLUSIONS: PA können die Gesundheitsversorgung in Deutschland auf verschiedenen Ebenen bereichern und auch die chirurgische Weiterbildung verbessern. Hierbei müssen die Bedürfnisse aller Berufsgruppen berücksichtigt und Synergien betont werden.

OBJECTIVE: Research has indicated that physician assistant (PA) students use social media in their medical education; however, research is scant on whether PA students use social media unprofessionally. This study aimed to determine if PA students badmouth others or post pictures or comments depicting substance use and whether a relationship exists between personality and unprofessional posts.
METHODS: PA Program Directors were emailed and asked to disseminate an anonymous survey to their students. The survey included descriptive questions, questions regarding badmouthing and substance use posts, and the Mini-International Personality Item Pool. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Spearman\'s correlation coefficient, and Mann-Whitney U with p < .05 indicating significance.
RESULTS: Recruitment resulted in n = 497 participants. Clinical year students made significantly more alcohol-related posts than didactic students (p = .01) and were significantly less conscientious (p ≤ .01). Didactic students badmouthed professors significantly more than clinical year students (p < .05). Females made significantly more alcohol-related posts (p ≤ .01); however, males badmouthed friends more (p = .02). A statistically significant relationship was identified between extraversion and all types of badmouthing (p < .05), alcohol-related (p < .001), and recreational drug (p = .02) posts, and between neuroticism and badmouthing professors (p = .02); conversely there was a significant negative correlation between conscientiousness and badmouthing professors (p = .01).
CONCLUSIONS: Medical educational programs should address professionalism concerning social media with a program policy to encourage a professional and ethical digital profile.

Students are required to complete supervised practice hours prior to becoming Registered Dietitians and Physician Assistants. Research suggests that environmental and social factors affect dietetic interns\' diets during their internship, although these factors have not been studied among physician assistant interns. This cross-sectional study utilized an online survey to compare dietetic interns\' (n = 81) and physician assistant interns\' (n = 79) fruit and vegetable intake, food security, barriers to healthy eating, and empowerment for making healthy dietary choices during an internship. Differences were assessed via independent t-tests and chi-square distributions. The significance was set at p < 0.05. Dietetic interns had a higher vegetable intake (p = 0.002) while physician assistant interns had higher rates of food insecurity (p = 0.040). Dietetic interns reported a greater impact on their dietary choices due to mental fatigue (p = 0.006), while physician assistant interns\' dietary choices were more heavily impacted by peer influence, interactions with patients, and interactions with preceptors (p < 0.05). There was not a group difference in overall empowerment (p = 0.157), although both groups rated empowerment for asking for help with food and nutrition challenges the lowest of the empowerment sub-items. Addressing interns\' unique needs may support students\' educational success and wellbeing once they are professionals, promote a diverse workforce, and ensure optimal care for patients.

Introduction Although there has been a significant and steady increase nationwide in the number of physician assistant/associate (PA) and nurse practitioner (NP) postgraduate residency/fellowship programs, there remains a paucity of research related to the level of operational support available in many of these programs to facilitate specialty training. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to conduct a national survey to gather foundational data regarding advanced practice provider (APP) postgraduate fellowship/residency operational support and program director total compensation data in the United States. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional survey consisting of 27 questions was distributed via email to 336 postgraduate NP, PA, joint NP/PA, and certified nurse-midwifery residency/fellowship programs between November 2023 and December 2023. Frequency tables and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the survey data. Additionally, Spearman\'s rank correlation coefficients were performed to determine the relationship between the dependent variables and the independent variable. Results There was a statistically significant positive relationship between the organization values the postgraduate program and having sufficient administrative time (rs = 0.342, p < 0.001), having adequate support staff (rs = 0.340, p < 0.001), and being fairly compensated (rs = 0.356, p < 0.001) for program roles and responsibilities. Moreover, slightly less than half of respondents reported having adequate support staff and sufficient administrative time to address program responsibilities. Only 50% of respondents believed they were fairly compensated for their position. Respondents moderately agreed that their organization values the postgraduate training program (M = 4.00, SD = 1.00). Conclusions The results of this study highlight the perceptions of postgraduate program directors regarding adequate administrative support and resources to facilitate specialty-specific training for NPs and PAs. Further research is warranted to evaluate the level of operational support needed to develop and sustain postgraduate APP residency/fellowship training programs now and in the future.