外泌体,膜封闭囊泡,由所有类型的细胞分泌。外泌体可以运输各种分子,包括蛋白质,脂质,功能性mRNA,和microRNAs,并且可以循环到各种受体细胞,导致产生局部旁分泌或远端全身效应。大量研究证明外泌体可以通过血脑屏障,因此,使外周物质转移到中枢神经系统(CNS)。因此,外泌体可能是外周和中枢神经系统之间信息交换的重要因素。这篇评论将讨论结构,生物发生,和外泌体的功能表征,并总结了来自肺等组织的外周外泌体的作用,gut,gut骨骼肌,以及与中枢神经系统沟通并影响大脑功能的各种干细胞类型。然后,我们进一步讨论了外泌体在脑疾病中的潜在治疗作用以及临床机遇和挑战。更清楚地了解中枢神经系统与身体外部区域之间的交流将有助于我们确定外围元素在维持大脑健康和疾病中的作用,并有助于设计用于诊断和治疗脑部疾病的微创技术。
Exosomes, membrane-enclosed vesicles, are secreted by all types of cells. Exosomes can transport various molecules, including proteins, lipids, functional mRNAs, and microRNAs, and can be circulated to various recipient cells, leading to the production of local paracrine or distal systemic effects. Numerous studies have proved that exosomes can pass through the blood-brain barrier, thus, enabling the transfer of peripheral substances into the central nervous system (CNS). Consequently, exosomes may be a vital factor in the exchange of information between the
periphery and CNS. This review will discuss the structure, biogenesis, and functional characterization of exosomes and summarize the role of peripheral exosomes deriving from tissues like the lung, gut, skeletal muscle, and various stem cell types in communicating with the CNS and influencing the brain\'s function. Then, we further discuss the potential therapeutic effects of exosomes in brain diseases and the clinical opportunities and challenges. Gaining a clearer insight into the communication between the CNS and the external areas of the body will help us to ascertain the role of the peripheral elements in the maintenance of brain health and illness and will facilitate the design of minimally invasive techniques for diagnosing and treating brain diseases.