如今,免疫疗法是各种疾病最重要的治疗方法之一,人们认为广泛的疾病是通过改变免疫系统的功能来治疗的。出于这个原因,免疫疗法引起了极大的关注,并且已经研究了许多关于免疫疗法不同方法的研究,使用多种生物材料和载体,从纳米粒子(NP)到微针(MNs)。在这次审查中,免疫治疗策略,生物材料,设备,并对应该通过免疫治疗策略治疗的疾病进行了综述。几种经皮治疗方法,包括半固体,皮肤贴片,化学,和物理皮肤渗透促进剂,正在讨论。MNs是癌症经皮免疫疗法中最常见的设备(例如,黑色素瘤,鳞状细胞癌,子宫颈,和乳腺癌),传染性(例如,COVID-19),过敏性和自身免疫性疾病(例如,杜兴氏肌营养不良和花粉病)。经皮免疫疗法中使用的生物材料形状各不相同,尺寸,和对外部刺激的敏感性(例如,磁场,照片,氧化还原,pH值,热,甚至报道了多刺激反应)。相应地,基于囊泡的NP,包括Niosomes,转移体,乙醇体,微乳液,传递体,和外泌体,也讨论了。此外,使用疫苗的经皮免疫疗法已经针对埃博拉进行了审查,淋病奈瑟菌,乙型肝炎病毒,流感病毒,呼吸道合胞病毒,手足口病,还有破伤风.
Nowadays, immunotherapy is one of the most essential treatments for various diseases and a broad spectrum of disorders are assumed to be treated by altering the function of the immune system. For this reason, immunotherapy has attracted a great deal of attention and numerous studies on different approaches for immunotherapies have been investigated, using multiple biomaterials and carriers, from nanoparticles (NPs) to microneedles (MNs). In this review, the immunotherapy strategies, biomaterials, devices, and diseases supposed to be treated by immunotherapeutic strategies are reviewed. Several transdermal therapeutic methods, including semisolids, skin patches, chemical, and physical skin penetration enhancers, are discussed. MNs are the most frequent devices implemented in transdermal immunotherapy of cancers (e.g., melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cervical, and breast cancer), infectious (e.g., COVID-19), allergic and autoimmune disorders (e.g., Duchenne\'s muscular dystrophy and Pollinosis). The biomaterials used in transdermal immunotherapy vary in shape, size, and sensitivity to external stimuli (e.g., magnetic field, photo, redox, pH, thermal, and even multi-stimuli-responsive) were reported. Correspondingly, vesicle-based NPs, including niosomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, microemulsions, transfersomes, and exosomes, are also discussed. In addition, transdermal immunotherapy using vaccines has been reviewed for Ebola, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Hepatitis B virus, Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and Tetanus.