This case report presents the complex analgesia management of a 52-year-old male with a significant medical history including atrial fibrillation treated with apixaban, essential trigeminal neuralgia, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, and chronic systolic heart failure. The patient experienced a loss of control while riding a motorized bicycle, resulting in a fall and head injury with no loss of consciousness. Upon admission, he tested positive for ethanol, cannabinoids, and oxycodone. The physical exam was significant for right cephalohematoma and right elbow hematoma. Imaging revealed multiple injuries, including right rib fractures (T3-12) with hemothorax. Right paravertebral catheters were placed in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Pain management is often difficult in the setting of multi-site trauma such as that caused by motor vehicle accidents (MVA), which is especially compounded in the setting of polysubstance abuse. This often results in patients with poor pain tolerance requiring escalating doses of opioid therapy, which creates a vicious cycle. The use of peripheral nerve blocks (PNB) has been shown to decrease overall opioid consumption and can be used effectively to manage postoperative pain in this patient population. Our case report aims to highlight the importance of PNBs as part of a multimodal approach to pain management in patients with polytrauma in the setting of polysubstance abuse.

UNASSIGNED: Perfusion index (PI) has been used as a surrogate marker of sympathetic blockade. This study evaluated changes in PI of bilateral upper extremity after thoracic paravertebral block (PVB) and intertransverse process block (ITPB).
UNASSIGNED: This pilot study included three groups of patients undergoing elective unilateral pulmonary resection under general anesthesia with PVB (n=11) or ITPB (n=10), or urologic procedures with general anesthesia (control group, n=10). Blockades were performed using 10 mL aliquots of 0.5% ropivacaine administered at T3-4, T5-6, and T7-8 intercostal levels immediately after general anesthesia induction. The PI value of the operating side (PI-O) was divided by the contralateral side (PI-CL), and the relative change to baseline was assessed (relative PI-O/PI-CL), with a 50% increase considered meaningful.
UNASSIGNED: In all cases within the PVB and ITPB groups, a significant increase in PI was observed following the blockades. The median (1Q, 3Q) intraoperative relative PI-O/PI-CL values were 0.9 (0.8, 1.4), 2.1 (1.4, 2.5), and 1.4 (0.9, 1.9) in the control, PVB, and ITPB groups (P=0.01), respectively. Pairwise comparison revealed a significant difference only between the control and PVB groups (adjusted P=0.01). While the relative PI-O/PI-CL value in the control group generally remained close to 1, occasional fluctuations exceeding 1.5 were noted.
UNASSIGNED: PVB induced a noticeable unilateral increase in upper extremity PI, whereas ITPB tended to result in an inconsistent and lesser degree of increase. Monitoring PI values can serve as an indicator of upper extremity sympathetic blockade, but consideration of potential confounders impacting these observations during surgery is essential. Further research is needed to validate these findings.

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Patients with severe cardiopulmonary morbidity present a unique challenge to peri- and intraoperative providers. Inducing general anesthesia in this patient population poses the risk of adverse events that could lead to poor surgical outcomes, prolonged debilitation, or death. Therefore, it is important that anesthesiologists become comfortable with preoperative evaluation as well as alternative strategies to providing surgical anesthesia. This case report details the clinical course of a patient with severe cardiopulmonary morbidity who underwent open inguinal hernia repair without oral or intravenous sedation after receiving multi-level paravertebral blocks in addition to isolated ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks. This medically challenging case provides educational value regarding preoperative evaluation, pertinent anatomy and innervation, and the importance of patient-centered care and communication.

UNASSIGNED: General anesthesia is used in the majority of patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy. To reduce the general anesthesia-related risks and complications, this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the paravertebral block as a novel and alternative anesthetic method for percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
UNASSIGNED: This was a retrospective study. A total of 198 patients under percutaneous nephrolithotomy were included. Among them, 76 patients received paravertebral block and 122 received general anesthesia. Patients\' characteristics, surgical outcomes, anesthetic outcomes, and perioperative complications and the visual analog scale (VAS) were recorded to evaluate the efficacy and safety of paravertebral block compared with general anesthesia. Intergroup differences of the parameters were analyzed using an independent t-test and χ2-tests appropriate.
UNASSIGNED: Seventy-six patients who underwent paravertebral block completed the surgery successfully, three patients were supplemented with propofol for discomfort during ureteroscopy, and two patients were supplemented with remifentanil for incomplete nerve blockade. Patients who underwent paravertebral block had a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade and heart function grade, including patients with contraindications to general anesthesia. Intraoperative and postoperative adverse events and the anesthesia costs were less in patients who underwent paravertebral block. VAS pain scores during the postoperative period in patients who underwent paravertebral block were lower than those in patients who underwent general anesthesia without the use of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia.
UNASSIGNED: In this retrospective study, paravertebral block was found to be effective and safe in providing intraoperative anesthesia for percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and had less adverse events and anesthesia costs. Paravertebral block is an attractive alternative anesthesia for patients at increased risk of comorbidities following general or neuraxial anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: General anaesthesia (GA) is the conventional technique used for surgical treatment of breast lumps. However, various side effects and complications of GA, such as postoperative pain, nausea, vomiting, and increased hospital stay increase morbidity in patients. Regional anaesthesia using multiple injection paravertebral block is an ideal alternative to GA for breast surgeries.
METHODS: Sixty female patients posted for unilateral breast surgery were randomly divided into two groups, Group P for paravertebral block and group G for GA, and compared on the basis of time taken for induction of anaesthesia, postoperative pain relief on basis of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and duration of hospital stay.
RESULTS: Duration of surgery in group P was 64.75±18.07 and 67.32±17.64 in group G respectively (P>0.05). Time for inducing anaesthesia was significantly longer in group P (17.15±3.92min) compared to group G (5.90±1.75min) with P<0.05. Significant difference (P<0.001) was observed in the mean duration of postoperative analgesia of group P (298.34±67.02min) and group G (107.68±27.28min). The VAS scores in immediate postoperative period and after two and four hours in the postoperative period were significantly higher in group G (P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly higher in group G (13 out of 30 patients) than group P (four out of 28 patients) with P<0.05.
CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy and safety of paravertebral block for operative treatment of breast tumors, excellent analgesia in early postoperative period, requirement of significantly lesser amount of postoperative analgesics, decreased incidence of PONV and negligible complications along with early ambulation and hospital discharge makes it an afferent cost-effective block of choice for unilateral breast surgeries.

UNASSIGNED: Paravertebral block (PVB) conducted by epidural catheter is a prevalent pain management for patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of paravertebral block with a modified PVB (MPVB) catheter under surgeon\'s direct vision after video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy.
UNASSIGNED: Three hundred fifty-six patients undergoing VATS lobectomy were retrospectively reviewed and divided into two groups consecutively according to the catheter applied in PVB procedure (PVB group and MPVB group). In the MPVB group, a modified catheter with a flexible forepart and more apertures distributing along the forepart than the conventional epidural catheter was introduced. An infusion pump containing of 150 mL mixture was connected to the catheter to provide sustained regional analgesia. Intramuscular dezocine 10 mg was administered as a rescue medication when necessary. Postoperative pain management effect was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) at rest and on coughing. Spirometry values and blood gas analysis were monitored and recorded for the first 3 postoperative days (PODs). Analgesia-related adverse events, characteristics of PVB procedure and postoperative major complication were also compared between the two groups.
UNASSIGNED: There were 172 patients who received PVB with conventional epidural catheter in the PVB group, and 184 patients were performed PVB with modified paravertebral catheter in the MPVB group. Significantly lower pain score at rest was found in MPVB group at 24 h postoperatively (P=0.006). The pain score on coughing in MPVB group was significantly lower than that in PVB group at 12 and 24 h postoperatively (P=0.037 and P<0.001, respectively). Patients needing for rescue medication was significantly lower in the MPVB group (P=0.028). The incidence of pleural perforation was lower in the MPVB group (P=0.020). Postoperative spirometry values revealed comparable pulmonary function between the two groups, and arterial blood gas analysis showed a normal range of pH and PaCO2 in both groups. There was no significant difference of analgesia-related adverse events as well as major complications between the two groups.
UNASSIGNED: PVB with modified catheter under surgeon\'s direct vision was effective and safe after video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy.

Objective To observe the efficacy of dexmedetomidine vs morphine as an adjunct in a paravertebral block (PVB) with bupivacaine in postoperative analgesia following modified radical mastectomy. Study design This was a randomized controlled trial performed from June 2018 to August 2019 in the Department of Anesthesia, Bakhtawar Amin Medical and Dental College, Ch. Pervaiz Ellahi Institute of Cardiology, Multan, Gurki Hospital, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, and Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. Methodology Seventy-eight patients were equally divided into group M, which received morphine (3 mg) and group D, which received dexmedetomidine (1 µg/kg), along with 20 cc 0.25% bupivacaine, for PVB. The primary outcome included morphine requirements in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Secondary outcomes included the quality and duration of analgesia, intraoperative doses of fentanyl and propofol, postoperative doses of diclofenac required, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and the Ramsey sedation score. Data were entered into SPSS version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) and analyzed by applying the independent t-test, Mann Whitney U-test, and the chi-square test or Fischer\'s exact test, as appropriate. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean time for the first analgesic administration was much shorter in group D as compared to group M (p<0.001). The average doses of ephedrine and morphine used were higher in group D (p-value 0.033 and 0.013, respectively). In the PACU, 33.3% of group D patients as compared to 12.8% of group M patients needed morphine (p=0.032). Postoperatively, diclofenac consumption was higher in group D (p<0.001). Postoperative pain was lower and sedation was higher in group M (p<0.05). Conclusion As an adjunct to bupivacaine in PVB for MRM, morphine is superior to dexmedetomidine.

BACKGROUND: One-lung ventilation under general anesthesia is necessary for thoracic surgery, but this procedure is often difficult in surgery for patients with cardiopulmonary failure. Non-intubated video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is performed under local anesthesia for patients with respiratory failure, but has not been performed for patients with circulatory failure. Here, we report management of two patients with cardiopulmonary failure who underwent non-intubated VATS with paravertebral block and infiltration anesthesia.
METHODS: Case 1 was a 79-year-old male with dyspnea at rest due to left large pleural effusion and cardiac dysfunction who underwent thoracoscopic pleural biopsy with paravertebral block under spontaneous breathing. The patient was also receiving dialysis. Case 2 was a 53-year-old male who developed empyema due to large pleural effusion, resulting in a poor general condition and cardiac dysfunction, and underwent video-assisted empyema curettage only with infiltration anesthesia under spontaneous breathing. In both patients, intraoperative respiration and circulation remained stable with values similar to those present preoperatively, and there were no problems after surgery.
CONCLUSIONS: We safely anesthetized two patients with difficulty to general anesthesia by ensuring sufficient regional anesthesia during VATS under spontaneous breathing. These cases suggest that regional anesthesia for non-intubated VATS can contribute to maintain intra- and postoperative respiration and circulation in patients with cardiopulmonary failure.