Together with its β-subunit OSTM1, ClC-7 performs 2Cl-/H+ exchange across lysosomal membranes. Pathogenic variants in either gene cause lysosome-related pathologies, including osteopetrosis and lysosomal storage. CLCN7 variants can cause recessive or dominant disease. Different variants entail different sets of symptoms. Loss of ClC-7 causes osteopetrosis and mostly neuronal lysosomal storage. A recently reported de novo CLCN7 mutation (p.Tyr715Cys) causes widespread severe lysosome pathology (hypopigmentation, organomegaly, and delayed myelination and development, \"HOD syndrome\"), but no osteopetrosis. We now describe two additional HOD individuals with the previously described p.Tyr715Cys and a novel p.Lys285Thr mutation, respectively. Both mutations decreased ClC-7 inhibition by PI(3,5)P2 and affected residues lining its binding pocket, and shifted voltage-dependent gating to less positive potentials, an effect partially conferred to WT subunits in WT/mutant heteromers. This shift predicts augmented pH gradient-driven Cl- uptake into vesicles. Overexpressing either mutant induced large lysosome-related vacuoles. This effect depended on Cl-/H+-exchange, as shown using mutants carrying uncoupling mutations. Fibroblasts from the p.Y715C patient also displayed giant vacuoles. This was not observed with p.K285T fibroblasts probably due to residual PI(3,5)P2 sensitivity. The gain of function caused by the shifted voltage-dependence of either mutant likely is the main pathogenic factor. Loss of PI(3,5)P2 inhibition will further increase current amplitudes, but may not be a general feature of HOD. Overactivity of ClC-7 induces pathologically enlarged vacuoles in many tissues, which is distinct from lysosomal storage observed with the loss of ClC-7 function. Osteopetrosis results from a loss of ClC-7, but osteoclasts remain resilient to increased ClC-7 activity.

The GDT1 family is broadly spread and highly conserved among living organisms. GDT1 members have functions in key processes like glycosylation in humans and yeasts and photosynthesis in plants. These functions are mediated by their ability to transport ions. While transport of Ca2+ or Mn2+ is well established for several GDT1 members, their transport mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that H+ ions are transported in exchange for Ca2+ and Mn2+ cations by the Golgi-localized yeast Gdt1 protein. We performed direct transport measurement across a biological membrane by expressing Gdt1p in Lactococcus lactis bacterial cells and by recording either the extracellular pH or the intracellular pH during the application of Ca2+, Mn2+ or H+ gradients. Besides, in vivo cytosolic and Golgi pH measurements were performed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with genetically encoded pH probes targeted to those subcellular compartments. These data point out that the flow of H+ ions carried by Gdt1p could be reversed according to the physiological conditions. Together, our experiments unravel the influence of the relative concentration gradients for Gdt1p-mediated H+ transport and pave the way to decipher the regulatory mechanisms driving the activity of GDT1 orthologs in various biological contexts.

Yeast vacuoles are acidified by the v-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) that is comprised of the membrane embedded VO complex and the soluble cytoplasmic V1 complex. The assembly of the V1-VO holoenzyme on the vacuole is stabilized in part through interactions between the VO a-subunit ortholog Vph1 and the lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2). PI(3,5)P2 also affects vacuolar Ca2+ release through the channel Yvc1 and uptake through the Ca2+ pump Pmc1. Here, we asked if H+ and Ca2+ transport activities were connected through PI(3,5)P2. We found that overproduction of PI(3,5)P2 by the hyperactive fab1T2250A mutant augmented vacuole acidification, whereas the kinase-inactive fab1EEE mutant attenuated the formation of a H+ gradient. Separately, we tested the effects of excess Ca2+ on vacuole acidification. Adding micromolar Ca2+ blocked vacuole acidification, whereas chelating Ca2+ accelerated acidification. The effect of adding Ca2+ on acidification was eliminated when the Ca2+/H+ antiporter Vcx1 was absent, indicating that the vacuolar H+ gradient can collapse during Ca2+ stress through Vcx1 activity. This, however, was independent of PI(3,5)P2, suggesting that PI(3,5)P2 plays a role in submicromolar Ca2+ flux but not under Ca2+ shock. To see if the link between Ca2+ and H+ transport was bidirectional, we examined Ca2+ transport when vacuole acidification was inhibited. We found that Ca2+ transport was inhibited by halting V-ATPase activity with Bafilomycin or neutralizing vacuolar pH with chloroquine. Together, these data show that Ca2+ transport and V-ATPase efficacy are connected but not necessarily through PI(3,5)P2.

The yeast vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is regulated by reversible disassembly. Disassembly inhibits V-ATPase activity under low-glucose conditions by releasing peripheral V1 subcomplexes from membrane-bound Vo subcomplexes. V-ATPase reassembly and reactivation requires intervention of the conserved regulator of H+-ATPase of vacuoles and endosomes (RAVE) complex, which binds to cytosolic V1 subcomplexes and assists reassembly with integral membrane Vo complexes. Consistent with its role, the RAVE complex itself is reversibly recruited to the vacuolar membrane by glucose, but the requirements for its recruitment are not understood. We demonstrate here that RAVE recruitment to the membrane does not require an interaction with V1 Glucose-dependent RAVE localization to the vacuolar membrane required only intact Vo complexes containing the Vph1 subunit, suggesting that the RAVE-Vo interaction is glucose-dependent. We identified a short conserved sequence in the center of the RAVE subunit Rav1 that is essential for the interaction with Vph1 in vivo and in vitro Mutations in this region resulted in the temperature- and pH-dependent growth phenotype characteristic of ravΔ mutants. However, this region did not account for glucose sensitivity of the Rav1-Vph1 interaction. We quantitated glucose-dependent localization of a GFP-tagged RAVE subunit to the vacuolar membrane in several mutants previously implicated in altering V-ATPase assembly state or glucose-induced assembly. RAVE localization did not correlate with V-ATPase assembly levels reported previously in these mutants, highlighting both the catalytic nature of RAVE\'s role in V-ATPase assembly and the likelihood of glucose signaling to RAVE independently of V1.

Intracellular pH and redox states are critical for multiple processes and partly determine cell behavior. Here, we developed a genetically encoded dual-function probe, named p H and redox-sensitive fluorescent protein (pHaROS), for simultaneous real-time detection of changes in redox potential and pH in living cells. pHaROS consists of the Arabidopsis flavin mononucleotide-binding fluorescent protein iLOV and an mKATE variant, mBeRFP. Using pHaROS in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, we confirmed that H2O2 raises the overall redox potential of the cell and found that this increase is accompanied by a decrease in cytosolic pH. Furthermore, we observed spatiotemporal pH and redox homeostasis within the nucleus at various stages of the cell cycle in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) during cellular development and responses to oxidative stress. Importantly, we could tailor pHaROS to specific applications, including measurements in different organelles and cell types and the GSH/GSSG ratio, highlighting pHaROS\'s high flexibility and versatility. In summary, we have developed pHaROS as a dual-function probe that can be used for simultaneously measuring cellular pH and redox potential, representing a very promising tool for determining the cross-talk between intracellular redox- and pH-signaling processes in yeast and mammalian U87 cell.

Lysosomes and the yeast vacuole are degradative and acidic organelles. Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2), a master architect of endolysosome and vacuole identity, is thought to be necessary for vacuolar acidification in yeast. There is also evidence that PtdIns(3,5)P2 may play a role in lysosomal acidification in higher eukaryotes. Nevertheless, these conclusions rely on qualitative assays of lysosome/vacuole pH. For example, quinacrine, an acidotropic fluorescent base, does not accumulate in the vacuoles of fab1Δ yeast. Fab1, along with its mammalian ortholog PIKfyve, is the lipid kinase responsible for synthesizing PtdIns(3,5)P2. In this study, we employed several assays that quantitatively assessed the lysosomal and vacuolar pH in PtdIns(3,5)P2-depleted cells. Using ratiometric imaging, we conclude that lysosomes retain a pH < 5 in PIKfyve-inhibited mammalian cells. In addition, quantitative fluorescence microscopy of vacuole-targeted pHluorin, a pH-sensitive GFP variant, indicates that fab1Δ vacuoles are as acidic as wild-type yeast. Importantly, we also employed fluorimetry of vacuoles loaded with cDCFDA, a pH-sensitive dye, to show that both wild-type and fab1Δ vacuoles have a pH < 5.0. In comparison, the vacuolar pH of the V-ATPase mutant vph1Δ or vph1Δ fab1Δ double mutant was 6.1. Although the steady-state vacuolar pH is not affected by PtdIns(3,5)P2 depletion, it may have a role in stabilizing the vacuolar pH during salt shock. Overall, we propose a model in which PtdIns(3,5)P2 does not govern the steady-state pH of vacuoles or lysosomes.