optical sensors

光学传感器
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    饮用水中的氟化物根据其浓度对健康有益或有害。这凸显了对能够原位监测F-离子的新型低成本便携式传感器的需求。不幸的是,实现高水平的水相容性和氟化物特异性仍然是一个挑战。这里,制备并表征了四种新的基于尿素的离散传感器。含有蒽基-(5)和9H-芴基-(7)信号单元的传感器在二甲基亚砜中表现出强烈的发光发射,前者对氟化物特别敏感和有选择性。在水中,图5显示出较高的灵敏度(871M-1)和低于国际准则的检测极限(8µm),尽管对H2PO4具有交叉敏感性。为了提高性能,5和7嵌入到氟化物印迹的聚合物基质中,以提供固态传感器(5P和7P,分别)。图5P在水中显示出良好的灵敏度(360M-1)和特异性。此外,它具有低的检测极限(35µm)和响应线性范围(118-6300µm),涵盖了环境保护局设定的极限(211µm)。此外,5P还在实际样品测试中显示出良好的可重用性和足够的恢复值(102±2%),构成了低成本阴离子印迹聚合物探针的第一个示例,该探针专门用于选择性感测水性样品中的氟化物。
    Fluoride in drinking water has beneficial or harmful health effects depending on its concentration. This highlights the need for new low-cost and portable sensors capable of in situ monitoring of F- ions. Unfortunately, achieving high levels of water compatibility and fluoride specificity remains a challenge. Here, four new urea-based discrete sensors are prepared and characterized. The sensors containing anthracenyl- (5) and 9H-fluorenyl- (7) signaling units exhibit intense luminescent emissions in dimethyl sulfoxide, the former being particularly sensitive and selective to fluoride. In water, 5 displays a superior sensitivity (871 M-1) and a detection limit (8 µm) below international guidelines, albeit with cross-sensitivity to H2PO4‾. To enhance the performance, 5 and 7 are embedded into a fluoride-imprinted polymeric matrix to give solid-state sensors (5P and 7P, respectively). 5P shows good sensitivity (360 M-1) and specificity in water. Besides, it has a low detection limit (35 µm) and a response linear range (118-6300 µm) encompassing the limit established by the Environmental Protection Agency (211 µm). Furthermore, 5P also displays good reusability and adequate recovery values in real-sample testing (102 ± 2%), constituting the first example of a low-cost anion-imprinted polymeric probe tailored for the selective sensing of fluoride in aqueous samples.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    C反应蛋白(CRP)是人体炎症的快速而敏感的指标。CRP水平的测定在医学诊断中很重要,根据这个因素,它可能表明,例如,各种起源的炎症的发生,肿瘤学,心血管,细菌或病毒事件。在这项研究中,我们描述了一种能够检测CRP水平的干涉传感器,用于区分无炎症状态和炎症状态.测量头由具有在尖端处产生的微球结构的单模光纤制成。其表面已被生物官能化用于特异性CRP结合。标准化的CRP溶液在1.9µg/L至333mg/L的范围内进行测量,并在研究的初始阶段进行分类。然后调查从诊断为尿路感染或尿脓毒血症的住院患者获得的真实样品。测试27个机器学习分类器以将体模样品标记为正常或高CRP水平。通过使用ExtraTreesClassifier,我们获得了验证数据集的95%的准确性。真实样品分类的结果显示使用XGB分类器的验证数据集的准确度高达100%。
    The rapid and sensitive indicator of inflammation in the human body is C-Reactive Protein (CRP). Determination of CRP level is important in medical diagnostics because, depending on that factor, it may indicate, e.g., the occurrence of inflammation of various origins, oncological, cardiovascular, bacterial or viral events. In this study, we describe an interferometric sensor able to detect the CRP level for distinguishing between no-inflammation and inflammation states. The measurement head was made of a single mode optical fiber with a microsphere structure created at the tip. Its surface has been biofunctionalized for specific CRP bonding. Standardized CRP solutions were measured in the range of 1.9 µg/L to 333 mg/L and classified in the initial phase of the study. The real samples obtained from hospitalized patients with diagnosed Urinary Tract Infection or Urosepsis were then investigated. 27 machine learning classifiers were tested for labeling the phantom samples as normal or high CRP levels. With the use of the ExtraTreesClassifier we obtained an accuracy of 95% for the validation dataset. The results of real samples classification showed up to 100% accuracy for the validation dataset using XGB classifier.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在水力发电厂的背景下,这篇文章强调了稳健监控策略的必要性。光纤传感器(FOSs)的利用由于其有效的光传输而成为一种有前途的方法,最小的信号衰减,抗电磁干扰。这些光学传感器在不同的结构中取得了成功,包括桥梁和核电站,尤其是在充满挑战的环境中。本文以描述具有光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)的传感器阵列的开发为高潮。该阵列旨在测量圣安东尼奥水电站涡轮机周围保护电网的变形和温度。在现实世界的场景中实现,设备识别变形峰值,指示水流阻塞,从而大大有助于工厂的安全和运行效率。
    In the context of hydroelectric plants, this article emphasizes the imperative of robust monitoring strategies. The utilization of fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) emerges as a promising approach due to their efficient optical transmission, minimal signal attenuation, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. These optical sensors have demonstrated success in diverse structures, including bridges and nuclear plants, especially in challenging environments. This article culminates with the depiction of the development of an array of sensors featuring Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs). This array is designed to measure deformation and temperature in protective grids surrounding the turbines at the Santo Antônio Hydroelectric Plant. Implemented in a real-world scenario, the device identifies deformation peaks, indicative of water flow obstructions, thereby contributing significantly to the safety and operational efficiency of the plant.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    皮质醇是一种临床验证的应激生物标志物,参与与身体对应激因素的反应有关的许多生理和心理功能。特别是,它已成为了解压力水平和整体福祉的关键工具。通常,在诊所,在血液或尿液中监测皮质醇水平,但是汗液和唾液也有显著的变化。在这项工作中,基于D形塑料光纤的表面等离子体共振探针用糖皮质激素受体进行功能化,该糖皮质激素受体被用作皮质醇特异性的高效生物受体。对开发的塑料光纤生物传感器进行了缓冲液和人工唾液中皮质醇检测测试。生物传感器反应对其他激素显示出非常好的选择性,在磷酸盐盐水缓冲液和人工唾液中的检测限约为59fM和96fM,分别。获得的检测限,具有快速的检测时间(约5分钟)和低成本的传感器系统,为确定唾液样品中的皮质醇浓度铺平了道路,无需任何提取过程或通过即时测试进行样品预处理。
    Cortisol is a clinically validated stress biomarker that takes part in many physiological and psychological functions related to the body\'s response to stress factors. In particular, it has emerged as a pivotal tool for understanding stress levels and overall well-being. Usually, in clinics, cortisol levels are monitored in blood or urine, but significant changes are also registered in sweat and saliva. In this work, a surface plasmon resonance probe based on a D-shaped plastic optical fiber was functionalized with a glucocorticoid receptor exploited as a highly efficient bioreceptor specific to cortisol. The developed plastic optical fiber biosensor was tested for cortisol detection in buffer and artificial saliva. The biosensor response showed very good selectivity towards other hormones and a detection limit of about 59 fM and 96 fM in phosphate saline buffer and artificial saliva, respectively. The obtained detection limit, with a rapid detection time (about 5 min) and a low-cost sensor system, paved the way for determining the cortisol concentration in saliva samples without any extraction process or sample pretreatment via a point-of-care test.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    为了促进微结构光纤表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器的传感器制造和传感操作,用于高折射率(RI)检测,我们提出了一种特殊的基于中空纤维的SPR传感器,该传感器包括在其主体侧的开口和涂覆在其外表面上的薄金层。分析物能够通过侧开口流入中空芯以形成新的纤维芯,高斯模式在其中传播。我们在两种可行的方案下,在1.48至1.54的较高RI范围内研究了所提出的传感器的传感性能:一种是仅用分析物填充光纤芯(方案A),另一种方法是将传感器直接浸入分析物中(方案B)。结果表明,我们的传感器在方案A表现出更高的波长灵敏度,最大波长灵敏度为12,320nm/RIU,而方案B的振幅灵敏度更高,最大振幅灵敏度为1146RIU-1。我们提出的传感器具有制造简单的优点,操作灵活,容易的分析物填充和更换,增强的实时检测能力,高RI检测,非常高的波长灵敏度和振幅灵敏度,这使得它在SPR传感应用中更具竞争力。
    To facilitate the sensor fabrication and sensing operation in microstructured optical fiber-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors for high refractive index (RI) detection, we propose a special hollow fiber-based SPR sensor that comprises an opening on its body side and a thin gold layer coated on its outer surface. The analyte is able to flow into the hollow core through the side-opening to form new fiber core, with the Gaussian-like mode propagating in it. We investigate the sensing performance of the proposed sensor in a higher RI range of 1.48 to 1.54 at two feasible schemes: one is to only fill the fiber core with analyte (Scheme A), and the other is to directly immerse the sensor in the analyte (Scheme B). The results demonstrate that our sensor exhibits higher wavelength sensitivity at Scheme A with a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 12,320 nm/RIU, while a greater amplitude sensitivity was found at Scheme B with a maximum amplitude sensitivity of 1146 RIU-1. Our proposed sensor features the advantages of simple fabrication, flexible operation, easy analyte filling and replacing, enhanced real-time detection capabilities, high RI detection, and very high wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity, which makes it more competitive in SPR sensing applications.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    占地面积小和实时检测功能的传感器在机器人手术和智能可穿戴设备中至关重要。在保持其高性能的同时减少器件占用空间是一项重大挑战,也是对其发展的重大限制。这里,我们提出了一种单片集成微尺度传感器,可用于矢量力检测。这个传感器结合了一个光源,四个光电探测器,和在同一蓝宝石基AlGaInP晶片上的半球形硅酮弹性体组分。芯片级光学耦合是通过采用激光剥离技术和倒装芯片键合到处理过的蓝宝石衬底来实现的。该半球形结构装置可以在法向力为0-220mN和剪切力为0-15mN的测量范围内检测低至1mN的法向力和剪切力。包装后,传感器能够在更宽的范围内检测力,测量能力延伸到10N的法向力和0.2N的剪切力。它具有检测25mN的最小法向力和20mN的最小剪切力的精度。此外,该传感器已被验证为具有约1.5mm2的紧凑足迹,同时保持高实时响应。我们还通过将这种传感器与精细表面纹理感知相结合,在紧凑型医疗机器人交互和可穿戴设备领域展示了其有前途的潜力。
    Sensors with a small footprint and real-time detection capabilities are crucial in robotic surgery and smart wearable equipment. Reducing device footprint while maintaining its high performance is a major challenge and a significant limitation to their development. Here, we proposed a monolithic integrated micro-scale sensor, which can be used for vector force detection. This sensor combines an optical source, four photodetectors, and a hemispherical silicone elastomer component on the same sapphire-based AlGaInP wafer. The chip-scale optical coupling is achieved by employing the laser lift-off techniques and the flip-chip bonding to a processed sapphire substrate. This hemispherical structure device can detect normal and shear forces as low as 1 mN within a measurement range of 0-220 mN for normal force and 0-15 mN for shear force. After packaging, the sensor is capable of detecting forces over a broader range, with measurement capabilities extending up to 10 N for normal forces and 0.2 N for shear forces. It has an accuracy of detecting a minimum normal force of 25 mN and a minimum shear force of 20 mN. Furthermore, this sensor has been validated to have a compact footprint of approximately 1.5 mm2, while maintaining high real-time response. We also demonstrate its promising potential by combining this sensor with fine surface texture perception in the fields of compact medical robot interaction and wearable devices.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    悬浮光机械领域在操纵光学悬浮粒子的平移和旋转动力学以及探索其传感应用方面取得了重大进展。使用光学悬浮粒子作为陀螺仪测量角运动的概念早已被探索,但尚未得到理论或实验证明。在这项研究中,我们提出了第一个基于光学悬浮高速旋转粒子的转子陀螺仪。陀螺仪由微米大小的椭球球球陨石颗粒组成,该颗粒在真空环境中以MHz的频率旋转。当输入外部角速度时,光轴偏离其初始位置,导致旋转信号的频率和幅度发生变化。通过分析这些变化,可以准确检测输入的角速度,使其成为世界上最小的转子陀螺仪。测量陀螺仪的角速率偏置不稳定性为0.08°/s,理论上可以通过冷却运动和增加悬浮粒子的角矩来进一步提高到低至10-9°/h。我们的工作为悬浮光机械系统开辟了新的应用范例,并可能为量子转子陀螺仪的开发铺平道路。
    The field of levitated optomechanics has experienced significant advancements in manipulating the translational and rotational dynamics of optically levitated particles and exploring their sensing applications. The concept of using optically levitated particles as gyroscopes to measure angular motion has long been explored but has not yet been proven either theoretically or experimentally. In this study, we present the first rotor gyroscope based on optically levitated high-speed rotating particles. The gyroscope is composed of a micrometer-size ellipsoidal vaterite particle that is driven to rotate at MHz frequencies in a vacuum environment. When an external angular velocity is input, the optical axis deviates from its initial position, resulting in changes in the frequency and amplitude of the rotational signal. By analyzing these changes, the angular velocity of the input can be accurately detected, making it the smallest rotor gyroscope in the world. The angular rate bias instability of the gyroscope is measured to be 0.08°/s and can be further improved to as low as 10-9°/h theoretically by cooling the motion and increasing the angular moment of the levitated particle. Our work opens a new application paradigm for levitated optomechanical systems and may pave the way for the development of quantum rotor gyroscopes.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    脉搏血氧计在医院和家庭中广泛用于测量血氧饱和度(SpO2)和心率(HR)。人们对从不同指尖获得脉搏血氧计测量值的可能偏见以及皮肤色素沉着的潜在影响(白色,棕色,和黑暗)。在这项研究中,我们使用三个英国NHS批准的商业脉搏血氧计以及我们定制的传感器从20名志愿者那里获得了600个SpO2测量值,并使用Munsell颜色系统(5YR和7.5YR卡)将参与者的皮肤色素沉着分为三个不同的类别(白色,棕色,和黑暗)。使用方差分析事后检验(Bonferroni校正)进行统计分析,Bland-Altman的阴谋,然后进行相关性测试,以确定从不同指尖测量SpO2是否具有临床意义,并强调皮肤色素沉着是否会影响SpO2测量的准确性。结果表明,尽管三种商业脉搏血氧计具有不同的均值和标准偏差,这些差异没有临床意义.
    Pulse oximeters are widely used in hospitals and homes for measurement of blood oxygen saturation level (SpO2) and heart rate (HR). Concern has been raised regarding a possible bias in obtaining pulse oximeter measurements from different fingertips and the potential effect of skin pigmentation (white, brown, and dark). In this study, we obtained 600 SpO2 measurements from 20 volunteers using three UK NHS-approved commercial pulse oximeters alongside our custom-developed sensor, and used the Munsell colour system (5YR and 7.5YR cards) to classify the participants\' skin pigmentation into three distinct categories (white, brown, and dark). The statistical analysis using ANOVA post hoc tests (Bonferroni correction), a Bland-Altman plot, and a correlation test were then carried out to determine if there was clinical significance in measuring the SpO2 from different fingertips and to highlight if skin pigmentation affects the accuracy of SpO2 measurement. The results indicate that although the three commercial pulse oximeters had different means and standard deviations, these differences had no clinical significance.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    尽管已经取得了重大进展,仍然缺乏可靠的传感器,能够无创监测胆红素和诊断黄疸是最常见的新生儿疾病,特别是在护理点(POC),从婴儿的血液采样伴随着严重的挑战和担忧。在这里,第一次,使用易于制造/使用的测定,我们证明了将姜黄素包埋在纸内用于唾液中胆红素的非侵入性光学监测的能力。开发的传感器对胆红素的高度选择性传感归因于蓝光照射下的胆红素光异构化,能选择性恢复胆红素诱导的姜黄素猝灭荧光。我们还制造了一个支持物联网的手持式光电阅读器,用于测量和量化我们传感器的荧光和颜色信号。通过使用我们开发的智能唾液传感器对18名黄疸婴儿的唾液进行临床分析,证明它可以在POC应用中广泛用于胆红素监测,因为其结果与唾液和血液中的参考方法之间具有良好的相关性。我们开发的传感器符合所有世界卫生组织的确认标准,使其成为一个非常有前途的传感器,用于黄疸的智能无创诊断和治疗监测。肝炎,和其他胆红素诱导的POC神经系统疾病。
    Even though significant advances have been made, there is still a lack of reliable sensors capable of noninvasively monitoring bilirubin and diagnosing jaundice as the most common neonatal disease, particularly at the point-of-care (POC) where blood sampling from infants is accompanied by serious challenges and concerns. Herein, for the first time, using an easy-to-fabricate/use assay, we demonstrate the capability of curcumin embedded within paper for noninvasive optical monitoring of bilirubin in saliva. The highly selective sensing of the developed sensor toward bilirubin is attributed to bilirubin photoisomerization under blue light exposure, which can selectively restore the bilirubin-induced quenched fluorescence of curcumin. We also fabricated an IoT-enabled hand-held optoelectronic reader to measure and quantify the fluorescence and color signals of our sensor. Clinical analysis on the saliva of 18 jaundiced infants by using our developed smart salivary sensor proved that it is amenable to be widely exploited in POC applications for bilirubin monitoring as there are good correlations between its results with those of reference methods in saliva and blood. Meeting all WHO\'s REASSURED criteria by our developed sensor makes it a highly promising sensor for smart noninvasive diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of jaundice, hepatitis, and other bilirubin-induced neurologic diseases at the POC.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    使软传感器能够缩短机器人和生物结构之间的性能差距的关键特征是它们的可变形性,再加上他们测量物理变化的能力。配备这些传感器的机器人可以安全地与环境进行本体交互。这引起了人们对开发具有高拉伸性的新型传感器以应用于人机交互的兴趣。这项研究提出了一种新颖的超软光电分段传感器设计,能够测量超过500%的应变。该传感器具有与不对称配置的软本体感受段物理连接的超弹性段。这种配置使其能够测量高应变并检测弯曲的幅度和方向。虽然传感器不能解耦这些类型的变形,它可以感知结合拉伸和弯曲的规定运动。所提出的传感器应用于高度可变形的剪刀机构和用于机械臂的人机界面(HRI)设备,能够量化复杂相互作用中的参数。实验结果还证明了所提出的分段传感器概念与机器学习配合使用时的潜力。在与人类的多层交互过程中,为机器人提供了本体感受的新维度。
    The key feature that enables soft sensors to shorten the performance gap between robots and biological structures is their deformability, coupled with their capability to measure physical changes. Robots equipped with these sensors can interact safely and proprioceptively with their environments. This has sparked interest in developing novel sensors with high stretchability for application in human-robot interactions. This study presents a novel ultrasoft optoelectronic segmented sensor design capable of measuring strains exceeding 500%. The sensor features an ultrastretchable segment physically joined with an asymmetrically configured soft proprioceptive segment. This configuration enables it to measure high strain and to detect both the magnitude and direction of bending. Although the sensor cannot decouple these types of deformations, it can sense prescribed motions that combine stretching and bending. The proposed sensor was applied to a highly deformable scissor mechanism and a human-robot interface (HRI) device for a robotic arm, capable of quantifying parameters in complex interactions. The results from the experiments also demonstrate the potential of the proposed segmented sensor concept when used in tandem with machine learning, affording new dimensions of proprioception to robots during multilayered interactions with humans.
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