In critical illness the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress can improve patient outcomes, and thus omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been used as part of parenteral nutrition (PN) owing to their potential anti-inflammatory effects. The international lipids in PN Summit, encompassed discussions and the production of consensus guidelines concerning PN intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) use in critical care. The Lipid Summit participants agreed that the inclusion of fish oil in ILEs is associated with meaningful clinical benefits without signals of harm, based on a strong biological rationale and current clinical evidence. Decisions concerning ILE choice should be made based on current evidence, thus addressing clinical requirements for guidance, particularly as further definitive evidence seems unlikely to occur. In addition, a future of individualized ICU care is envisioned, yielding better clinical outcomes. This approach will require the greater use of intelligent study designs incorporating the use of biomarkers of omega-3 derivatives, inflammatory-resolving processes, and/or muscle protein breakdown.

To increase the value of the by-products of the canned tuna industry, the memory enhancement effect and the possible mechanisms of omega-3-rich tuna oil in bilateral ovariectomized (OVX) rats were assessed. Female rats were orally given tuna oil at doses of 140, 200, and 250 mg/kg of body weight (BW) for 28 days before OVX and for 21 days continually after OVX. Memory performance was assessed every week, whereas the parameters regarding mechanisms of action were assessed at the end of the study. All doses of tuna oil enhanced memory, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities but decreased cortisol, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Medium and high doses of tuna oil suppressed monoamine oxidase (MAO) but increased eNOS activity. A high dose of tuna oil suppressed gamma-aminotransferase (GABA-T) but increased glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and sirtuin-1. A medium dose of tuna oil decreased homocysteine (Hcys) and C-reactive protein. No change in telomere or estradiol was observed in this study. Our results suggest the memory-enhancing effect of tuna oil in an OVX rat model of menopause. The main mechanisms may involve a reduction in oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotransmitter regulation.

Breast cancer remains a global health challenge, prompting a search for preventive strategies beyond conventional approaches. This review explores the potential of specific micronutrients, including antioxidants, vitamins, and probiotics, in breast cancer prevention. Through an extensive literature search encompassing PubMed up to March 2024, 14 micronutrients emerged with promising roles in breast cancer prevention. These include five vitamins: folate, vitamin D, vitamin B6, beta carotene, and vitamin C and nine other micronutrients: curcumin, piperine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quercetin, sulforaphane, indole-3-carbinol, lactobacillus, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and lycopene. Understanding the efficacy of these micronutrients could pave the way for personalized preventive interventions, offering new avenues for reducing breast cancer incidence and improving public health outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Food supplements such as vitamin D3 and omega-3 have a significant role in activating the immune system and impacting the diversity of gut microbiota; thus, controlling the growth of invading pathogens indirectly.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the direct antimicrobial activity of vitamin D3 and omega- 3 individually, combined together, and combined with low concentrations of gentamicin or amphotericin B against selected pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, this study hypothesizes the potential antimicrobial mechanism and recommends suitable studies to be conducted.
METHODS: Minimum inhibitory concentration of different serial dilutions of vitamin D3 [0.7μg/mL-83.3μg/mL] or omega-3 [0.7mg/mL-100mg/mL] or combined [vitamin D3:1.3μg/mL-83.3μg/mL and omega-3:1.56mg/mL-100mg/mL] with/without antibiotic have been investigated on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans using check board technique.
RESULTS: The highest concentration of vitamin D3 [83.3 μg/mL] demonstrated a complete eradication of the tested microorganisms. Conversely, omega-3 had a lower effect on them. The highest concentration of combining vitamin D3 and omega-3 with/without gentamicin resulted in a complete eradication of the S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with a 6.8 to 7 log reduction. On the other hand, C. albicans was inhibited when using vitamin D3 [83.3 μg/mL] or when this concentration is combined with 100mg/mL of omega-3. However, when these two concentrations were added to amphotericin B the log reduction dropped to 0.45 suggesting antagonistic effect.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that, unlike omega 3, vitamin D3 possesses good antimicrobial effects against pathogenic microorganisms. The combination of the studied food supplement showed enhanced microbial inhibition at high concentration, while they had antagonistic effect when combined with amphotericin B and applied on C. albicans combined. Further studies on the exact antimicrobial mechanism are still required to understand the measured data here.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) or eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. We review emerging concepts and clinical evidence addressing the pathogenesis and prevention of AD. We examine several interventions ranging from skin barrier enhancement strategies to probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics; and conversely, from antimicrobial exposure to vitamin D and omega fatty acid supplementation; breastfeeding and hydrolyzed formula; and house dust mite avoidance and immunotherapy. We appraise the available evidence base within the context of the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. We also contextualize our findings in relation to concepts relating AD and individual-patient allergic life trajectories versus a linear concept of the atopic march and provide insights into future knowledge gaps and clinical trial design considerations that must be addressed in forthcoming research. Finally, we provide implementation considerations to detect population-level differences in AD risk. Major international efforts are required to provide definitive evidence regarding what works and what does not for preventing AD.

The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids alpha linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have proven health benefits, but it is not common to find them together in a processed food product. This could lead to healthier and more functional food products, which may have positive implications for consumer health and well-being. This work aimed to fortify a model burger manufactured with fillets of an Amazonian fish (boquichico, Prochilodus nigricans) by adding microencapsulated sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis, rich in ALA) (MSIO) produced by spray-drying. MSIO was incorporated into the burgers at different levels (0, 3, 4, 5, and 6%). The burgers were characterized by their proximal composition, cooking losses, texture profile, lipid oxidation, sensory profile, overall liking, and fatty acid profile. The results showed that adding MSIO up to concentrations of 5% or 6% increased the instrumental hardness, chewiness, and lipid oxidation in the burgers. However, fortifying the burgers with 3% MSIO was possible without affecting the burgers\' sensory properties and overall liking. Regarding the fatty acid profile, the burgers with 3% MSIO had a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the ALA, EPA, and DHA types of fatty acids. Therefore, we recommend using this fortification concentration, but future studies should be carried out to improve the oxidative stability of MSIO and the burgers.

The microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) is distinguished by its rich nutrient profile, characterized by well-documented neuroprotective activities, including fucoxanthin (FX), a major carotenoid and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). The current study aims to evaluate the protective effects of a standardized extract of PT (Mi136) containing 2% FX on cognitive function, oxidative stress, and inflammation parameters in a mouse model of accelerated aging. Seventy-two (72) male mice were randomly assigned to the blank control group (BC), negative control group (NC), and four similar microalgae extract of PT groups (branded as BrainPhyt™) with different human equivalent doses to evaluate potential dose-response effects. From day 01 to day 51, mice in the BC group were injected with a 0.9% normal saline solution, while mice in all other groups were subcutaneously injected with D-galactose (D-Gal) at a dose of 150 mg/kg once per day, five days per week. Results indicated that, for the three higher microalgae extract of PT dose groups, spatial cognitive function, swim latency, and step-through latency impairments induced by chronic D-Gal intoxication were significantly and fully inhibited, with mean values similar to those in the BC group during each day of testing. Similar benefits were observed in biochemical analysis, specifically regarding brain and plasma levels of lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, and IL-6 markers. These data underscore the positive effects of a standardized extract of PT containing 2% FX on cognitive function parameters such as spatial working memory, long-term memory, and short-term memory through the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation pathways.

BACKGROUND: Supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enables dose reduction of prednisolone and ciclosporin in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD).
OBJECTIVE: To determine if oral administration of PUFA reduces the dose of oclacitinib in cAD.
METHODS: Twenty-two client-owned dogs with cAD receiving oclacitinib.
METHODS: Dogs received a fish oil product (PUFA) or paraffin oil (placebo) for 16 weeks. Owners adjusted the oclacitinib dose according to daily pruritus assessments. On Day (D)0, D56 and D112, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, fourth iteration (CADESI-04), pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), quality-of-life score (QoL), Global Assessment (GA), quality-of-coat (QoC) and adverse events were recorded.
RESULTS: Mean daily oclacitinib dose was significantly reduced in the PUFA group from 0.51 ± 0.20 mg/kg/24 h (D0) to 0.19 ± 0.14 mg/kg/24 h (D85-112; p < 0.00001) and not in the placebo group (D0: 0.70 ± 0.33 mg/kg/24 h; D85-112: 0.53 ± 0.35 mg/kg/24 h, p = 0.5422). CADESI-04 did not change over time or differ between groups. PVAS was significantly lower in the PUFA group (2.8 ± 1.5) compared to placebo (4.2 ± 1.6) at D112 (p = 0.0375). QoL and QoC improved only in the PUFA group (QoL: D0: 20 ± 7, D112: 12 ± 5, p = 0.0057; QoC: D0: 0 ± 0.5, D112: 1 ± 0.5, p = 0.0410). GA on D112 was higher in the PUFA group (p = 0.008). No adverse events were observed.
CONCLUSIONS: Oral supplementation of PUFA allowed dose reduction of oclacitinib and improved PVAS, QoL, QoC and GA. The use of PUFA is recommended and was safe in the atopic study dogs receiving oclacitinib.
UNASSIGNED: Die Supplementierung von vielfach‐ungesättigten Fettsäuren (PUFA) ermöglicht eine Dosisreduktion von Prednisolon und Ciclosporin bei der atopischen Dermatitis (cAD) des Hundes. ZIEL: Das Ziel war es festzustellen, ob eine orale Verabreichung von PUFA die Dosis von Oclacitinib bei der cAD reduzieren kann.
UNASSIGNED: Zweiundzwanzig private Hunde mit cAD, welche Oclacitinib erhielten.
UNASSIGNED: Die Hunde erhielten 16 Wochen lang ein Fischölprodukt (PUFA) oder Paraffinöl (Plazebo). Die BesitzerInnen passten die Oclacitinib Dosis entsprechend dem täglich erfassten Juckreiz an. Am Tag (D)0, D56 und D112 wurden der Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent und Severity Index, 4th Auflage (CADESI‐04), die Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), Werte der Lebensqualität (QoL), eine Erfassung des Gesamtzustandes (GA), Fellqualität (QoC) und Nebenwirkungen festgehalten.
UNASSIGNED: In der PUFA‐Gruppe wurden durchschnittliche Oclacitinib Dosen von 0.51 ± 0.20 mg/kg/24 h (D0) auf 0.10 ± 0.14 mg/kg/24 h (D85‐112) signifikant reduziert (p < 0.00001), im Gegensatz zur Plazebo‐Gruppe (D0: 0.70 ± 0.33 mg/kg/24 h; D85‐112: 0.53 ± 0.35 mg/kg/24 h, p = 0.5422). CADESI‐04 änderte sich weder mit der Zeit noch zwischen den Gruppen. PVAS war in der PUFA‐Gruppe (2.8 ± 1.5) im Vergleich zur Plazebo‐Gruppe (4.2 ± 1.6) am D112 signifikant niedriger (p = 0.0375). QoL und QoC verbesserte sich nur in der PUFA‐Gruppe (QoL: D0: 20 ± 7, D112: 12 ± 5, p = 0.0057; QoC: D0 0 ± 0.5, D112: 1 ± 0.5, p = 0.0410). GA war am D112 in der PUFA‐Gruppe höher (p = 0.008). Es wurden keine Nebenwirkungen beobachtet.
UNASSIGNED: Eine orale Supplementierung von PUFA ermöglichte eine Dosisreduktion von Oclacitinib und verbesserte PVAS, QoL, QoC und GA. Der Einsatz von PUFA wird empfohlen und zeigte sich in dieser Studie, bei der atopische Hunde Oclacitinib erhielten, als sicher.
背景: 在犬特应性皮炎(cAD)中，补充多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)可以减少泼尼松和环孢素的剂量。 目的: 确定口服PUFA是否能减少cAD的奥拉替尼剂量。 动物: 22只客户饲养的cAD患犬接受奥拉替尼治疗。 材料和方法: 犬接受鱼油产品(PUFA)或石蜡油(安慰剂)治疗16周。犬主根据每日瘙痒评估调整了奥拉替尼的剂量。在第(D)0天、第D56天和第D112天，记录犬特应性皮炎程度和严重程度指数、第4次迭代(CADESI‐04)、瘙痒视觉模拟量表(PVAS)、生活质量评分(QoL)、总体评估(GA)、被毛质量(QoC)和不良反应。 结果: PUFA组的奥拉替尼日平均剂量从0.51 ± 0.20mg/kg/24小时(D0)显著降低到0.19 ± 0.14mg/kg/24 h (D85‐112) (p < 0.00001)，而安慰剂组则没有(D0:0.70 ± 0.33mg/kg/24；D85‐112:0.53 ± 0.35 mg/kg/24，p = 0.5422)。CADESI‐04没有随着时间的推移而变化，也没有在各组之间出现差异。在D112时，PUFA组的PVAS(2.8 ± 1.5)显著低于安慰剂组(4.2 ± 1.6) (p = 0.0375)。仅PUFA组的生活质量和被毛质量有所改善(生活质量:D0:20 ± 7，D112:12 ± 5，p = 0.0057；被毛质量:DO:0 ± 0.5，D112:1 ± 0.5，p = 0.0410)。PUFA组D112的GA较高(p = 0.008)。未观察到不良反应。 结论: 口服补充PUFA可以减少奥拉替尼的剂量，改善PVAS、生活质量、被毛质量和GA。给接受奥拉替尼的特应性研究犬使用PUFA，值得推荐并且是安全的。.
BACKGROUND: La supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) permet de réduire la dose de prednisolone et de ciclosporine dans la dermatite atopique canine (DAC).
OBJECTIVE: Déterminer si l\'administration orale d\'AGPI réduit la dose d\'oclacitinib dans la DAC.
UNASSIGNED: Vingt‐deux chiens de clients atteints de DAC et recevant de l\'oclacitinib. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Les chiens reçoivent un produit à base d\'huile de poisson (AGPI) ou d\'huile de paraffine (placebo) pendant 16 semaines. Les propriétaires ajustent la dose d\'oclacitinib selon les évaluations quotidiennes du prurit. Au jour (J)0, J56 et J112, le Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐04), le prurit Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), le score de qualité de vie (QoL), l\'évaluation globale (GA), la qualité du pelage (QoC) et les effets indésirables sont enregistrés. RÉSULTATS: La dose quotidienne moyenne d\'oclacitinib est significativement réduite dans le groupe AGPI de 0.51 ± 0.20 mg/kg/24 h (J0) à 0.19 ± 0.14 mg/kg/24 h (J85‐112) (p < 0.00001) et non dans le groupe placebo (J0: 0.70 ± 0.33 mg/kg/24 h; J85‐112: 0.53 ± 0.35 mg/kg/24 h, p = 0.5422). Le CADESI‐04 n\'évolue pas dans le temps et ne diffère pas d\'un groupe à l\'autre. Le PVAS est significativement plus bas dans le groupe AGPI (2.8 ± 1.5) comparé au placebo (4.2 ± 1.6) à J112 (p = 0.0375). La QoL et la QoC s\'améliorent uniquement dans le groupe AGPI (QoL: J0: 20 ± 7, J112: 12 ± 5, p = 0.0057; QoC: J0: 0 ± 0.5, J112: 1 ± 0.5, p = 0.0410). Le GA à J112 est plus élevé dans le groupe AGPI (p = 0.008). Aucun événement indésirable n\'est observé.
CONCLUSIONS: La supplémentation orale en AGPI permet de réduire la dose d\'oclacitinib et d\'améliorer le PVAS, la QoL, la QoC et l\'GA. L\'utilisation d\'AGPI est recommandée et s\'avère sûre chez les chiens atopiques de l’étude recevant de l\'oclacitinib.
背景: 犬アトピー性皮膚炎(cAD)において、多価不飽和脂肪酸(PUFA)を補充することにより、プレドニゾロンおよびシクロスポリンの減量が可能となる。 目的: 本研究の目的は、多価不飽和脂肪酸(PUFA)の経口投与により、犬アトピー性皮膚炎(cAD)におけるオクラシチニブの投与量が減少するかどうかを検討することであった。 対象動物: オクラシチニブを投与されているcADに罹患したオーナー所有犬22頭。 材料と方法: 犬には魚油製品(PUFA)またはパラフィン油(プラセボ)が16週間投与された。飼い主は毎日の掻痒の評価に従ってオクラシチニブの用量を調節した。Day(D)0、D56およびD112において、犬アトピー性皮膚炎重症度指数第4版(CADESI‐04)、掻痒の視覚的アナログスケール(PVAS)、QOLスコア(QoL)、Global Assessment(GA)、Quality‐of‐coat(QoC)および有害事象を記録した。 結果: オクラシチニブの1日平均投与量は、PUFA群で0.51 ± 0.20 mg/kg/24 h(D0)から0.19 ± 0.14 mg/kg/24 h(D85‐112)に有意に減少したが(p < 0.00001)、プラセボ群では減少しなかった(D0:0.70 ± 0.33mg/kg/24 h、D85‐112:0.53 ± 0.35mg/kg/24 h、p=0.5422)。CADESI‐04に経時的変化や群間差はみられなかった。PVASはD112でプラセボ群(4.2 ± 1.6)に比べPUFA群(2.8 ± 1.5)で有意に低かった(p = 0.0375)。QoLとQoCはPUFA群でのみ改善した(QoL:D0:20 ± 7、D112:12 ± 5、p = 0.0057；QoC: QoL:D0:0 ± 0.5、D112:1 ± 0.5、p = 0.0410)。D112でのGA値はPUFA群で高かった(p = 0.008)。有害事象は観察されなかった。 結論: PUFAの経口補充はオクラシチニブの減量を可能にし、PVAS、QoL、QoC、GAを改善した。PUFAの使用は推奨されるものであり、オクラシチニブ投与中のアトピー性疾患犬においても安全であった。.
UNASSIGNED: A suplementação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) permite a redução da dose de prednisolona e ciclosporina na dermatite atópica canina (DAC).
OBJECTIVE: Determinar se a administração oral de PUFA reduz a dose de oclacitinib na DAC.
UNASSIGNED: Vinte e dois cães de propriedade de clientes com DAC recebendo oclacitinib. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Os cães receberam um produto de óleo de peixe (PUFA) ou óleo de parafina (placebo) durante 16 semanas. Os proprietários ajustaram a dose de oclacitinib de acordo com as avaliações diárias de prurido. No Dia (D)0, D56 e D112, Índice de Extensão e Gravidade da Dermatite Atópica Canina, 4ª iteração (CADESI‐04), Escala Visual Analógica de prurido (PVAS), pontuação de qualidade de vida (QV), Avaliação Global (GA), qualidade da pelagem (QoC) e eventos adversos foram registrados.
RESULTS: A dose média diária de oclacitinib foi significativamente reduzida no grupde 0.51 ± 0.20 mg/kg/24 h (D0) para 0.19 ± 0.14 mg/kg/24 h (D85‐112) (p < 0.00001) e não no grupo placebo (D0: 0.70 ± 0.33 mg/kg/24 h; D85–112: 0.53 ± 0.35mg/kg/24 h, p = 0.5422). O CADESI‐04 não mudou ao longo do tempo nem diferiu entre os grupos. O PVAS foi significativamente menor no grupo PUFA (2.8 ± 1.5) em comparação ao placebo (4.2 ± 1.6) no D112 (p = 0.0375). A QV e QoC melhoraram apenas no grupo PUFA (QV: D0: 20 ± 7, D112: 12 ± 5, p = 0.0057; QoC: D0: 0 ± 0.5, D112: 1 ± 0.5, p = 0.0410). A IG no D112 foi maior no grupo PUFA (p = 0.008). Nenhum evento adverso foi observado. CONCLUSÃO: A suplementação oral com PUFA permitiu a redução da dose de oclacitinib, melhorou o PVAS, a QV, a QoC e a IG. O uso de PUFA é recomendado e foi seguro nos cães atópicos do estudo que receberam oclacitinib.
INTRODUCCIÓN: la suplementación con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) permite reducir la dosis de prednisolona y ciclosporina en la dermatitis atópica canina (cAD). OBJETIVO: Determinar si la administración oral de PUFA reduce la dosis de oclacitinib en la cAD ANIMALES: Veintidós perros propiedad de clientes con AD que recibían oclacitinib. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Los perros recibieron un producto de aceite de pescado (PUFA) o aceite de parafina (placebo) durante 16 semanas. Los propietarios ajustaron la dosis de oclacitinib según las evaluaciones diarias del prurito. En los días (D) 0, D56 y D112 se anotaron: índice de extensión y gravedad de la dermatitis atópica canina, cuarta revisión (CADESI‐04), escala análoga visual de prurito (PVAS), puntuación de calidad de vida (QoL), evaluación global (GA), calidad del pelaje (QoC) y los eventos adversos. RESULTADOS: La dosis media diaria de oclacitinib se redujo significativamente en el grupo de PUFA de 0.51 ± 0.20 mg/kg/24 h (D0) a 0.19 ± 0.14 mg/kg/24 h (D85‐112) (p < 0.00001) y no en el grupo con placebo (D0: 0.70 ± 0.33 mg/kg/24 h; D85‐112: 0.53 ± 0.35 mg/kg/24 h, p = 0.5422). CADESI‐04 no cambió con el tiempo ni difirió entre los grupos. PVAS fue significativamente menor en el grupo de PUFA (2.8 ± 1.5) en comparación con el placebo (4.2 ± 1.6) en el D112 (p = 0.0375). La calidad de vida y la calidad del pelaje mejoraron solo en el grupo de PUFA (QoL: D0: 20 ± 7, D112: 12 ± 5, p = 0.0057; QoC: D0: 0 ± 0.5, D112: 1 ± 0.5, p = 0.0410). La GA en D112 fue mayor en el grupo de PUFA (p = 0.008). No se observaron eventos adversos. CONCLUSIÓN: La suplementación oral con PUFA permitió reducir la dosis de oclacitinib y mejorar PVAS, QoL, QoC y GA. Se recomienda el uso de PUFA cuya administración fue segura en los perros del estudio atópicos que recibieron oclacitinib.

This study aimed to formulate burgers made from three Amazonian fish species: pacu (Pyaractus brachypomus), boquichico (Prochilodus nigricans), and bujurqui (Chaetobranchus flavescens), focusing on sodium reduction and fortification with fish oil microparticles (FOM) rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The proximal composition, sodium and calcium content, instrumental texture profile, fatty acid profile, sensory profile, and overall liking were evaluated. Differences in proximal composition and fatty acid profiles between the fillets were reflected in the burgers. Fortification with FOM increased EPA and DHA in the burgers; thus, they can be considered \"high in omega-3 fatty acids\" and reduced the n-6/n-3 ratio below 4. There were sensory attributes that could be related to lipid oxidation but reduced overall liking for less than 10% of consumers. Nevertheless, certain sensory attributes (grilled, characteristic, aromatic, tasty, tender, and juicy) had a positive impact on the overall liking of more than 20% of consumers, yielding adequate scores (between 5.60 and 5.71) on the 9-point hedonic scale. The production process must be optimized by knowing the fish fillet quality in depth, improving the FOM and burgers\' oxidative stability, and achieving an adequate sensory and hedonic profile by employing consumers\' vocabulary to characterize new products.

Endothelial microvascular dysfunction affects multi-organ pathologic processes that contribute to increased vascular tone and is at the base of impaired metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The vascular dilation impaired by nitric oxide (NO) deficiency in such dysfunctional endothelium is often balanced by endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs), which play a critical role in managing vascular tone. Our latest research has uncovered a new group of lactone oxylipins produced in the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) CYP450 epoxygenase pathway, significantly affecting vascular dilation. The lactone oxylipin, derived from arachidonic acid (5,6-diHET lactone, AA-L), has been previously shown to facilitate vasodilation dependent on the endothelium in isolated human microvessels. The administration of the lactone oxylipin derived from eicosapentaenoic acid (5,6-diHETE lactone, EPA-L) to hypertensive rats demonstrated a significant decrease in blood pressure and improvement in the relaxation of microvessels. However, the molecular signaling processes that underlie these observations were not fully understood. The current study delineates the molecular pathways through which EPA-L promotes endothelium-dependent vascular dilation. In microvessels from hypertensive individuals, it was found that EPA-L mediates endothelium-dependent vasodilation while the signaling pathway was not dependent on NO. In vitro studies on human endothelial cells showed that the hyperpolarization mediated by EPA-L relies on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR)-phospholipase C (PLC)-IP3 signaling that further activates calcium-dependent potassium flux. The pathway was confirmed using a range of inhibitors and cells overexpressing GPR40, where a specific antagonist reduced the calcium levels and outward currents induced by EPA-L. The downstream AKT and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylations were non-significant. These findings show that the GPR-PLC-IP3 pathway is a key mediator in the EPA-L-triggered vasodilation of arterioles. Therefore, EPA-L is identified as a significant lactone-based PUFA metabolite that contributes to endothelial and vascular health.