这项研究分析了厄瓜多尔亚马逊森林Yasuní国家公园(YNP)16和67区块24年的石油开采情况,世界上生物多样性最丰富的空间之一,目前有古老的土著社区。作为一个小说的贡献,我们进行了生命周期评估(LCA),量化与提取相关的足迹,交通运输,精炼,石油在四种不同情况下的分布和最终用途(沥青用油,电力,船用燃料和客车运输)。这项研究还揭示了使用不同石油衍生物时的能量回报,并通过对社会的定性分析来补充这一点,对Waorani社区的文化和环境影响。我们得出的结论是,2015年第16和67区块提取过程的环境负担比美国等国家更大,沙特阿拉伯和印度尼西亚,基于对11个影响类别的分析。区块操作对于陆地酸化潜力(TAP)类别是最不利的,全球变暖潜能值(GWP)陆地生态毒性潜力(TEP)和生态系统质量损失潜力(EQL),增量为804.15%,105.36%,506.29%和210.73%,分别,与分析的其余提取系统的平均值有关。具体来说,本案例研究显示,所处理区块的影响增加了75.18%,与厄瓜多尔平均水平相比。在1999-2022年期间,与这些区块的石油开采相关的碳排放量增加了139.01%。同时,厄瓜多尔国家,西班牙政府和石油公司收到的,平均而言,21%,每升平均燃油价格的38%和41%。我们的结论是,平均而言,19.64%与原油生产和消费相关的影响发生在YNP的亚马逊地区,取决于所使用的燃料和消耗机制。对于全球变暖潜能值(GWP)影响类别,提取过程进行,平均而言,在所有生命周期影响中,重量的34.51%,取决于消费场景。还估计能够使用燃料燃烧产生的0.33千瓦时的电力,货物运输能源为0.47千瓦时,客运能源为0.20千瓦时,需要1千瓦时的投资,平均扩展EROI为1:3.33。根据所进行的定性分析,得出的结论是,当地的主要影响与环境监测和信息方面的障碍有关,社区对公司的经济依赖,和文化转型;使用其他方法不容易量化或检测的影响。所使用的各种方法的结合使我们对石油开采的影响有了更完整的了解,在这种情况下,厄瓜多尔亚马逊。
This research analyses 24 years of oil extraction in blocks 16 and 67 of the Yasuní National Park (YNP) in the Amazonian Forest of Ecuador, one of the most biodiverse spaces in the world and with the current presence of ancient indigenous communities. As a novel contribution, we have carried out a Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) that quantifies the footprints associated with the extraction, transportation, refining, distribution and final uses of the oil in four different scenarios (oil for asphalt use, electricity, marine fuel and passenger car transport). This study also sheds light on the energy return at the point of use of different oil-derivatives, and complements this with a qualitative analysis of the social, cultural and environmental implications for the Waorani communities. We conclude that the environmental burdens of the extraction process in blocks 16 and 67 in 2015 were greater than those of countries such as the United States, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia, based on the analysis of 11 impact categories. The blocks\' operation is the most unfavourable for the categories of Terrestrial Acidification Potential (TAP), Global Warming Potential (GWP), Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Potential (TEP) and Ecosystem Quality Loss Potential (EQL), with increments of 804.15 %, 105.36 %, 506.29 % and 210.73 %, respectively, in relation to the average of the rest of the extraction systems analysed. Specifically, the present case study shows 75.18 % higher impacts in the blocks addressed, when compared to the Ecuadorian average. During the period 1999-2022, the carbon emissions associated with the oil extraction in these blocks have increased by 139.01%. It has been detected a neo-colonial economic behaviour: while the Ecuadorian state received 21% of the sales, the Spanish government and the oil companies received, on average, 38% and 41% of the per-litre average fuel price, respectively. Thus, 79% of the income stayed in the Global North. We conclude that, on average, 19.64 % of the impacts associated with crude oil production and consumption occur in the Amazonian region of the YNP, depending on the fuel used and the consumption mechanism. For the Global Warming Potential (GWP) impact category, the extraction process carries, on average, 34.51 % of the weight in all of the life-cycle impacts, depending on the consumption scenario. It was also estimated that to be able to use 0.33 kWh of electricity from fuel combustion, 0.47 kWh of energy for goods transport and 0.20 kWh for passenger transport, an investment of 1 kWh is required, with an average extended EROI of 1:3.33. According to the qualitative analysis performed, it has been concluded that the main local impacts are related to the obstacles in environmental monitoring and information, the economic dependence of the communities on the oil extraction company, and cultural transformations; impacts that are not easily quantifiable or detectable using other methodologies. The combination of the qualitative analysis and LCA showed that the neo-colonial economic distribution did not compensate the social and environmental impacts of the oil extraction occurred in the YNP.