Since their clinical application in the 1840s, the greatest mystery surrounding general anesthesia (GA) is how different kinds of general anesthetics cause reversible unconsciousness, and the precise neural mechanisms underlying the processes. Over past years, although many studies revealed the roles of cortex, thalamus, brainstem, especially the sleep-wake circuits in GA-induced loss of consciousness (LOC),the full picture of the neural circuit mechanism of GA is still largely unknown. Recent studies have focused on the importance of other brain regions. Here, we report that the activity of glutamatergic (Glu) neurons in the piriform cortex (PC), a critical brain region for odor encoding, began to increase during the LOC of GA and gradually recovered after recovery of consciousness. Chemical lesions of the anterior PC (APC) neurons accelerated the induction time of isoflurane anesthesia. Chemogenetic and optogenetic activation of APCGlu neurons prolonged isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia induction, whereas APCGlu neuron inhibition displayed the opposite effects. Moreover, the modification of APCGlu neurons did not affect the induction or emergence time of propofol GA. In addition, odor processing may be partially involved in the induction of isoflurane and sevoflurane GA regulated by APCGlu neurons. In conclusion, our findings reveal a critical role of APCGlu neurons in inhalational GA induction.

A straightforward and eco-friendly preparation method for porous sludge biochar (SBA-3) was developed to deodorize gaseous dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) using ion exchange to adjust micropore structures coupled with carboxyl functionalization. Compared with the unmodified sludge biochar SBA-1 and SBA-2 treated with ion exchange, the pore size of SBA-3 decreased accompanied with increasing specific surface area and micropore volume. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area and micropore volume were 176.35 m2 g-1 and 0.0314 cm³ g-1, which were 2.02 and 1.71-fold larger than those of SBA-2, as well as 20.60 and 78.5-fold larger than those of SBA-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the amount of -COOH on the surface of SBA-3 increased from 0.425 to 1.123 mmol g-1, which was 2.64-fold larger than that of SBA-1. The adsorption behavior between DMDS and SBA-3 could be well described by the quasi-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 35.12 mg g-1 at 303 K. Thermodynamic and DFT calculations indicated that the adsorption of DMDS on SBA-3 was exothermic with the deodorization mechanisms involving pore filling and chemisorption.

Olfactory information plays an important role in the attachment and bonding processes for both humans and non-human animals. Odor cues obtained via individual body odor facilitate attachment and bonding processes across species with regard to both mate selection and mother-infant bonding. The purpose of the present paper is to summarize the role of odor as it pertains to bond formation and maintenance in the mother-infant bond for human infants and non-human animal infants, and for mate selection among human adults and non-human animals. We then synthesize this summary with literature on attachment and existing evidence for the relationships between olfaction and attachment processes. Finally, we suggest avenues for areas of future research.

The process of harmless treatment of livestock manure produces a large amount of odor, which poses a potential threat to human and livestock health. A vertical fermentation tank system is commonly used for the environmentally sound treatment of chicken manure in China, but the composition and concentration of the odor produced and the factors affecting odor emissions remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the types and concentrations of odors produced in the mixing room (MR), vertical fermenter (VF), and aging room (AR) of the system, and analyzed the effects of bacterial communities and metabolic genes on odor production. The results revealed that 34, 26 and 26 odors were detected in the VF, MR and AR, respectively. The total odor concentration in the VF was 66613 ± 10097, which was significantly greater than that in the MR (1157 ± 675) and AR (1143 ± 1005) (P < 0.001), suggesting that the VF was the main source of odor in the vertical fermentation tank system. Methyl mercaptan had the greatest contribution to the odor produced by VF, reaching 47.82%, and the concentration was 0.6145 ± 0.2164 mg/m3. The abundance of metabolic genes did not correlate significantly with odor production, but PICRUSt analysis showed that cysteine and methionine metabolism involved in methyl mercaptan production was significantly more enriched in MR and VF than in AR. Bacillus was the most abundant genus in the VF, with a relative abundance significantly greater than that in the MR (P < 0.05). The RDA results revealed that Bacillus was significantly and positively correlated with methyl mercaptan. The use of large-scale aerobic fermentation systems to treat chicken manure needs to focused on the production of methyl mercaptan.

UNASSIGNED: Vasospastic angina usually presents with intermittent episodes of chest pain. It can rarely be associated with the perception of phantom odors.
UNASSIGNED: A 69-year-old woman presented for evaluation of intermittent shortness of breath and chest pain. She reported that she often experienced an abnormal smell sensation just prior to the event. The patient had abnormal smell sensation and shortness of breath at the initiation of exercise stress echocardiography with transient electrocardiographic changes and new regional wall motion abnormalities. Subsequent invasive coronary angiography showed no obstructive epicardial coronary artery disease. The patient was started on calcium channel blocker therapy with resolution of symptoms.
UNASSIGNED: Phantom odor perception has been rarely reported as an angina-equivalent symptom. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion in patients presenting with atypical anginal symptoms.

This study explored the potential of perfumery compounds as sources of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) inhibitors that could be formulated for effective delivery to the skin and airways. A highly potent, small, and selective TRPA1 inhibitor, 2-methyl-4-phenyl-1-pentanol (1), was discovered in perfumery compounds. Compound 1 demonstrated promising inhibitory activity against a broad range of TRPA1 agonists. A single stereoisomer of 1 was identified as the most effective TRPA1 inhibitor, indicating the potential for stereoselective synthesis to enhance its potency. Additionally, the structure-activity relationship of 1 was evaluated to elucidate the structural features of TRPA1 inhibitors within the fragrance-like compounds. Notably, the topical application of 1 alleviated sensory irritation in individuals with sensitive skin, while the inhalation of 1 resulted in a significant reduction in ammonia irritation, underscoring its efficacy in both skin and airway applications.

Working memory capacity (WMC), a crucial component of working memory (WM), has consistently drawn the attention of researchers. Exploring the underlying neurobiological mechanisms behind it is currently a prominent focus in the field of neuroscience. Previously, we developed a novel behavioral paradigm for rodents called the olfactory working memory capacity (OWMC) paradigm, which serves as an effective tool for quantifying the WMC of rodents. The OWMC task comprises five phases: context adaptation, digging training, rule-learning for nonmatching to a single sample odor (NMSS), rule-learning for nonmatching to multiple sample odors (NMMS), and capacity testing. In the first phase, mice are handled to reduce stress and acclimate to the training cage. The second phase involves training mice to dig in a bowl of unscented sawdust to locate a piece of cheese. In the third phase, mice are trained to locate the cheese pellet in a bowl with a noveal odor. The fourth phase requires mice to distinguish the novel odor among multiple scented bowls to locate the cheese pellet. Finally, in the fifth phase, mice undergo several WMC tests until they achieve a stable level of performance. In this protocol paper, we will provide detailed instructions on how to implement the behavioral paradigm. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Context adaptation Basic Protocol 2: Digging training Basic Protocol 3: Rule-learning for NMSS Basic Protocol 4: Rule-learning for NMMS Basic Protocol 5: Capacity testing.

In the 1960s and 1970s, there was widespread discussion in Japan about the pathological experience of \"unpleasant odors emanating from one\'s body.\" This symptom is called \"Jikoshu,\" and this term was used in combination with various words, such as \"Genkaku\" (hallucination) and \"Moso\" (delusion), reflecting its symptomatological ambiguity. The best-known term in the English-language literature is Jikoshu-Kyofu (Jikoshu phobia). By further abstracting this symptom and viewing it as a delusion-like experience of \"something leaking out of me,\" egorrhea syndrome (Fujinawa) was proposed, which was considered to be partly a pathology of schizophrenia. Similar cases were characteristically observed during adolescence, and a study emerged suggesting that the syndrome was \"adolescent paranoia\" (Murakami), distinct from schizophrenia. However, the terms \"Jikoshu-Taiken\" (Jikoshu experience; Kasahara et al.) and \"Jikoshu-Sho\" (Jikoshu syndrome; Miyamoto) were proposed to emphasize the nosological ambiguity. Considered a culture-bound syndrome unique to Japan or East Asia, Jikoshu received little attention in the English-language literature apart from a 1971 study of olfactory reference syndrome (Pryse-Phillips), which presents with similar symptoms. In recent years, research has placed this disorder within the obsessive-compulsive spectrum, and it has been adopted as an ICD-11 disorder under the term \"olfactory reference disorder.\"

The impact of paprika and dextrose addition on the surface of dry cured loins was analysed attending to differences in microbiota composition and aroma profile. Three different types of loins containing either dextrose (D), paprika (P) or a mixture of dextrose and paprika (DP) were manufactured. The loins were characterized using physic-chemical parameters, free amino acids, volatile compounds and aroma sensorial analysis, as well as applying microbiological counts and metagenomics of the 16S rRNA gene and its rDNA region. The analysis of volatile compounds clearly distinguished all loins, whereas the total content of free amino acids only separated P from D and DP loins. The main sensory differences were linked to paprika addition, which increased the perception of paprika and smoky odors as well as cured, savoury and cheesy notes. Microbial counts analysis could not differentiate between the three loin types; however, metagenomics analysis revealed clear differences in key bacterial and fungal genera among the three loins. Paprika addition favoured dominance of Latilactobacillus in the microbiota of P loins. On the contrary, dextrose addition caused the dominance of Staphylococcus in the microbiota of D loins. In DP loins, both genera were similarly represented in the bacterial community. Regarding fungi, large differences could be observed within the P and D loins, whereas the proportion of Debaryomyces in DP loins increased. The microbiota composition of DP loins controlled the lipid oxidation phenomenon, reducing the generation of derived volatiles producing rancid notes and increase the volatile compounds derived from amino acids such as branched aldehydes, pyrazines and pyrroles, providing particular aroma notes to the loins.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic approaches for skull base pathologies are increasingly being performed, and the subsequent complications, especially in the long term, have also been partially clarified. However, there is no information on the effects of endoscopic endonasal skull base surgeries (EESBS) in children on odor and facial development in parallel with long-term development. We conducted this study to investigate postoperative olfactory function and facial development in pediatric patients who underwent skull base surgery using the endoscopic endonasal method.
METHODS: We evaluated the smell test, sinonasal symptoms, and facial development of pediatric patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery after long-term follow-up. Odor was evaluated using the \"Sniffin\' Sticks\" test kit, which assessed the T (odor threshold), D (odor discrimination), and I (odor identification) parameters. Sinonasal symptoms were evaluated using the SNOT-22 (sinus-nose outcome test) questionnaire. SNA (sella-nasion-A point), SNB (sella-nasion-B point), and ANB (A point-nasion-B point) angles were calculated from maxillofacial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) to evaluate facial development. Data were compared with those of the healthy control group.
RESULTS: We included 30 patients comprising 19 (63.3%) boys and 11 (36.7%) girls, with no age difference between case and control groups. The mean follow-up period was 7 years. Odor test data, cephalometric measurements, and SNOT-22 analysis results showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is a comprehensive study with the longest follow-up period in terms of evaluation of facial development after EESBS in children to analyze odor using the Sniffin\' Sticks test kit and the quality of life using SNOT-22. Olfactory function, facial development, and quality of life remained unaffected after long-term follow-up after EESBS  in children. Although this surgical approach is minimally invasive, we recommend considering the possibility of complications, and the procedure should be performed by an experienced surgical team with adequate equipment.