年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)是全球失明的重要原因。随着人口老龄化的指数上升,AMD是全球视力障碍的第三大原因。新生血管性AMD(nAMD;湿性AMD)和地理萎缩(GA,晚期干性AMD)是导致老年人视力恶化的晚期AMD。我们对文献的回顾表明,值得注意的危险因素包括吸烟,营养元素,心血管疾病,和遗传标记,包括调节补体的基因,脂质,和血管生成途径。一些研究表明,在过去的二十年中,由于新的诊断和治疗方式,AMD病例的比例相对下降。准确的诊断是结合临床检查和影像学技术的结果,包括视网膜摄影,血管造影,和光学相干层析成像。加入膳食抗氧化剂补充剂,明确的叶黄素,在晚期减缓疾病的进展。血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)抑制剂在新生血管性AMD治疗中的诱导作用,通常与其他方式相结合,显示出非常有利的预后。整合使用干细胞的基因治疗和再生技术的研究正在进行中,以进一步减轻AMD相关的发病率。必须建立AMD的筛查和治疗指南,以减轻未来的社会和经济负担,并改善老年人不断下降的生活质量。
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant cause of blindness globally. With the exponential rise in the aging population, AMD is the third leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. Neovascular AMD (nAMD; Wet AMD) and geographical atrophy (GA, late-stage dry AMD) are the advanced AMD accountable for substantial cases of visual deterioration among the elderly. Our review of the literature depicted that notable risk factors include cigarette smoking, nutritional elements, cardiovascular disorders, and genetic markers, including genes regulating complement, lipid, and angiogenic pathways. Some studies have suggested a relative decline in the proportion of AMD cases in the last two decades attributable to novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Accurate diagnosis is the result of a combination of clinical examination and imaging techniques, including retinal photography, angiography, and optical coherence tomography. The incorporation of dietary antioxidant supplements, explicitly lutein, slows the progression of the disease in advanced stages. The induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors in the treatment of neovascular AMD, often combined with other modalities, has shown an immensely favorable prognosis. Research to integrate gene therapy and regenerative techniques using stem cells is underway to further mitigate AMD-associated morbidity. It is imperative to establish screening and therapeutic guidelines for AMD to curtail the future social and financial burden and improve the diminishing quality of life among the elderly.