免疫疗法通过增强机体的免疫监视和肿瘤细胞清除来对抗肿瘤。各种核酸药物可用于免疫治疗,如DNA表达细胞因子,mRNA肿瘤疫苗,小干扰RNA(siRNA)敲低免疫抑制分子,和可用作免疫佐剂的寡核苷酸。核酸药物,在循环中容易发生核酸酶降解,难以进入靶细胞,通常需要开发用于有效体内递送的适当载体。仿生药物递送系统,来自病毒,细菌,和细胞,可以保护货物免受降解和清理,并将它们送到靶细胞以确保安全。此外,它们可以通过它们的内源性活动和活性成分激活免疫系统,从而提高了抗肿瘤免疫治疗核酸药物的疗效。在这次审查中,介绍了用于缓解肿瘤免疫抑制微环境的仿生核酸递送系统。他们的免疫激活机制,包括上调促炎细胞因子,作为肿瘤疫苗,抑制免疫检查点,调节肿瘤内免疫细胞,详细阐述了。优点和缺点,以及可能的临床翻译方向,最后总结。
Immunotherapy combats tumors by enhancing the body\'s immune surveillance and clearance of tumor cells. Various nucleic acid drugs can be used in immunotherapy, such as DNA expressing cytokines, mRNA tumor vaccines, small interfering RNAs (siRNA) knocking down immunosuppressive molecules, and oligonucleotides that can be used as immune adjuvants. Nucleic acid drugs, which are prone to nuclease degradation in the circulation and find it difficult to enter the target cells, typically necessitate developing appropriate vectors for effective in vivo delivery. Biomimetic drug delivery systems, derived from viruses, bacteria, and cells, can protect the cargos from degradation and clearance, and deliver them to the target cells to ensure safety. Moreover, they can activate the immune system through their endogenous activities and active components, thereby improving the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapeutic nucleic acid drugs. In this review, biomimetic nucleic acid delivery systems for relieving a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment are introduced. Their immune activation mechanisms, including upregulating the proinflammatory cytokines, serving as tumor vaccines, inhibiting immune checkpoints, and modulating intratumoral immune cells, are elaborated. The advantages and disadvantages, as well as possible directions for their clinical translation, are summarized at last.