马铃薯(SolanumtuberosumL.)是具有世界重要性的作物,可产生高营养品质的块茎。它被认为是克服全球贫困和饥饿挑战的有希望的作物之一。然而,它暴露在不同的生物和非生物胁迫下,可能导致生产重大损失。因此,马铃薯是通过传统育种和生物技术进行改进的特殊候选人。由于传统育种既费时又具有挑战性,基因工程提供了引入/关闭感兴趣的基因而不改变表征成功商业品种的等位基因组合或通过新育种技术诱导靶向序列修饰的机会。有多种通过遗传转化改良马铃薯的方法。它们中的大多数将感兴趣的基因整合到核基因组中;尽管如此,质体转化方案的发展拓宽了马铃薯育种的可用方法。尽管所有方法都有其优点和缺点,农杆菌介导的转化是最常用的方法。替代方法,如粒子轰击,原生质体转染聚乙二醇和显微注射也是有效的。独立于DNA递送方法,成功转化的关键步骤是快速有效的再生方案和选择系统。影响转化效率的几个关键因素:载体类型,插入尺寸,农杆菌菌株,外植体类型,亚培养基的组成,选择剂,在其他人中。此外,瞬态或稳定变换,组成型或诱导型启动子,可以考虑抗生素/除草剂抗性或无标记策略。尽管已经做出了巨大的努力来优化所有参数,马铃薯转化方案高度依赖于基因型。基因组编辑技术在基因工程中提供了有希望的工具,允许精确修饰目标序列。有趣的是,据报道,马铃薯原生质体中基因组编辑成分的瞬时表达可在不整合任何外源DNA的情况下产生编辑过的植物,从科学和监管的角度来看,这都是一个有价值的方面。在这次审查中,讨论了迄今为止开发的马铃薯基因工程策略的当前挑战和机遇。我们描述了它们的关键参数和约束,以及用于功能分析或生物技术目的的可用工具的潜在应用。还解决了公众关注和安全问题。
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a crop of world importance that produces tubers of high nutritional quality. It is considered one of the promising crops to overcome the challenges of poverty and hunger worldwide. However, it is exposed to different biotic and abiotic stresses that can cause significant losses in production. Thus, potato is a candidate of special relevance for improvements through conventional breeding and biotechnology. Since conventional breeding is time-consuming and challenging, genetic engineering provides the opportunity to introduce/switch-off genes of interest without altering the allelic combination that characterize successful commercial cultivars or to induce targeted sequence modifications by New Breeding Techniques. There is a variety of methods for potato improvement via genetic transformation. Most of them incorporate genes of interest into the nuclear genome; nevertheless, the development of plastid transformation protocols broadened the available approaches for potato breeding. Although all methods have their advantages and disadvantages, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most used approach. Alternative methods such as particle bombardment, protoplast transfection with polyethylene glycol and microinjection are also effective. Independently of the DNA delivery approach, critical steps for a successful transformation are a rapid and efficient regeneration protocol and a selection system. Several critical factors affect the transformation efficiency: vector type, insert size, Agrobacterium strain, explant type, composition of the subculture media, selective agent, among others. Moreover, transient or stable transformation, constitutive or inducible promoters, antibiotic/herbicide resistance or marker-free strategies can be considered. Although great efforts have been made to optimize all the parameters, potato transformation protocols are highly genotype-dependent. Genome editing technologies provide promising tools in genetic engineering allowing precise modification of targeted sequences. Interestingly, transient expression of genome editing components in potato protoplasts was reported to generate edited plants without the integration of any foreign DNA, which is a valuable aspect from both a scientific and a regulatory perspective. In this review, current challenges and opportunities concerning potato genetic engineering strategies developed to date are discussed. We describe their critical parameters and constrains, and the potential application of the available tools for functional analyses or biotechnological purposes. Public concerns and safety issues are also addressed.