Social deficits in pediatric cancer survivors have been well documented and have been linked to neurocognitive late effects, particularly attention deficits. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between components of attention, both parent-report and a performance-based measure, with parent-reported social functioning in survivors of pediatric cancer. The study included data from outpatient neuropsychological evaluations of 76 survivors of pediatric cancer. The Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) continuous performance test was used to evaluate the components of attention with variables corresponding to Posner\'s model of attention. Assessment of inattention and peer problems were derived from the Conner\'s Parent Rating Scale, third edition. Parent-reported attention symptoms were significantly associated with worse auditory prudence (r = -0.382, p < .001) and visual consistency (r = -0.234, p = .046) and higher parent-reported peer problems (r = 0.302, p = .008). Auditory attention domains were not significantly predictive of peer problems (p > .05). When controlling for FSIQ and type of cancer, worse visual consistency (p = .029) and visual speed (p = .036) were significantly associated with more peer problems. Parent-reported inattention was associated with only some domains of performance-based attention, highlighting the importance of using multi-modal assessments of attention. This study also revealed an important relationship between visual attention and peer problems.

暂无摘要。

BACKGROUND: Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is considered an effective treatment for highly active multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, most research has focused primarily on disease outcome measures, despite the significant impact of neuropsychological symptoms on MS patients\' quality of life. The current systematic review aimed to examine whether HSCT for MS impacts neuropsychological outcome measures such as cognition, fatigue, mood, and quality of life.
METHODS: The review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, ID: CRD42023474214). Systematic searches were carried out in six databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL and Web of Science) based on the following inclusion criteria: (i) published in peer-reviewed journals in English; (ii) longitudinal studies of adults with MS (iii) at least one neuropsychological outcome was assessed pre- and post-HSCT using standardised measures. Risk of bias was assessed using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) quality assessment tools. A narrative synthesis was used to present results.
RESULTS: Eleven studies were included in the review. Long-term improvements in quality of life post-HSCT were identified. In terms of cognition and fatigue, the evidence was mixed, with some post-HSCT improvements identified. Decline in cognitive performance in the short-term post-HSCT was observed. No changes in mood were identified post-HSCT. Arguments for interpreting these results with caution are presented based on risk of bias. Arguments for interpreting these results with caution are presented based on risk of bias. Limitations of the evidence are discussed, such confounding variables and lack of statistical power.
CONCLUSIONS: The evidence base for the impact of HSCT for MS on neuropsychological outcomes is limited. Further research is required to progress understanding to facilitate clinician and patient understanding of HSCT treatment for MS.

Neurocognitive impairment in moyamoya disease is common, under recognized, and potentially devastating. The purpose of this paper is to provide an updated overview on this topic for the practicing clinician. We searched PubMed for keywords including cognitive impairment, neurocognitive dysfunction, and neuropsychological recovery in moyamoya disease. We summarized the literature to provide a concise review of the treatment and management of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with moyamoya disease. Neuropsychiatric sequelae have conventionally been attributed to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and/or stroke. Cognitive dysfunction in adults with moyamoya disease is most commonly in the form of impaired executive function, whereas intelligence is the predominant impairment in children with moyamoya disease. Pharmacotherapy for treatment of the neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with moyamoya disease is appropriate and can improve quality of life; however, careful consideration is needed to avoid adverse cerebrovascular events. It remains unclear as to whether surgical revascularization improves or stabilizes cognitive performance and outcomes. Additional prospective studies are warranted to better understand the long-term impact of revascularization on cognitive functioning in moyamoya disease.

The present article describes the protocol of a mixed-methods study (an observational cohort design and focus groups), aimed to examine neuropsychological functioning and other biopsychosocial outcomes, therapeutic adherence and unmet care needs in paediatric population undergoing solid organ or allogeneic hematopoietic transplant during the pre- and post-transplant phases. Following a multi-method/multi-source approach, neuropsychological domains will be comprehensively measured with objective tests (SDMT, K-CPT 2/CPT 3, TAVECI/TAVEC, WISC-V/WAIS-IV Vocabulary and Digit Span subtests, Verbal Fluency tests, Stroop, ROCF, and TONI-4); ecological executive functioning, affective and behavioral domains, pain intensity/interference, sleep quality and therapeutic adherence will be assessed through questionnaires (parent/legal guardians-reported: BRIEF-2 and BASC-3; and self-reported: BASC-3, BPI, PROMIS, AIQ and SMAQ); and blood levels of prescribed drugs will be taken from each patient\'s medical history. These outcomes will be measured at pre-transplant and at 4-weeks and 6-months post-transplant phases. The estimated sample size was 60 patients (any type of transplant, solid organ, or hematopoietic) from La Paz University Hospital (Madrid, Spain). Finally, three focus group sessions will be organized with patients, parents/guardians, and transplant clinicians (n = 15, with 5 participants per group), in order to qualitatively identify unmet care needs during the pre-, and post-transplant stages of the process. The study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05441436).

Neuropsychological outcomes following temporal lobe resection for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) are well established. For instance, left anterior temporal lobectomy (LATL) is associated with a greater risk for cognitive morbidity compared to right (RATL). However, the impact of neuromodulatory devices, specifically responsive neurostimulation (RNS), remains an area of active interest. There are currently no head-to-head comparisons of neuropsychological outcomes after surgical resection and neuromodulation. This study reports on a cohort of 21 DRE patients with the RNS System who received comprehensive pre- and post-implantation neuropsychological testing. We compared both cognitive and seizure outcomes in the RNS group to those of 307 DRE patients who underwent LATL (n = 138) or RATL (n = 169). RNS patients had higher seizure rates pre-intervention. While fewer in the RNS group achieved Class I Engel outcomes compared to the ATL cohorts, RNS patients also showed seizure frequency declines from pre- to post-intervention that were similar to those who underwent resective surgery. Moreover, the RNS and RATL groups were similar in their neuropsychological outcomes, showing no significant cognitive decline post-intervention. In contrast, the LATL group notably declined in object naming and verbal list learning. Direct comparisons like this study may be used to guide clinicians in shared decision making to tailor management plans for patients\' overall treatment goals.

Children and adolescents affected by brain tumors are at risk for neuropsychological sequelae that need to be evaluated in order to plan adequate rehabilitation programs, and to support their development and recovery. This work aims to describe an innovative prospective observational study protocol for the early evaluation and monitoring over time of neuropsychological outcomes in this pediatric population. Pediatric patients aged 3-17 with a brain tumor diagnosis will be assessed through the use of a battery of Italian standardized neuropsychological tests, with good psychometric properties and age-appropiate, at three different time points of their clinical course: at diagnosis and before surgery (T0), after surgical removal and before the start of potential adjuvant therapies (T1), and at the one-year follow-up after potential adjuvant therapies (T2). This study will allow clinicians to support the neuropsychological development of these children by promoting appropriate and timely rehabilitation and educational programs from the early phases of their clinical course.

Theories of the relation between age at lesion onset and outcomes posit different views of the young brain: resilient and plastic (i.e., the so-called \"Kennard Principle\"), or vulnerable (i.e., the Early Vulnerability Hypothesis). There is support for both perspectives in previous research and questions about the \"best\" or \"worst\" times to sustain brain injury remain. Here, we present a systematic review investigating the influence of age at focal brain lesion onset on cognitive functioning. This systematic review identifies and qualitatively synthesizes empirical studies from 1985 to 2021 that investigated age at lesion onset as a variable of interest associated with neuropsychological outcomes. A total of 45 studies were identified from PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases. Almost all studies indicated that brain injury earlier in the developmental period predicts worse cognitive outcomes when compared to onset either later in the developmental period or in adulthood. More specifically, the overwhelming majority of studies support an \"earlier is worse\" model for domains of intellect, processing speed, attention and working memory, visuospatial and perceptual skills, and learning and memory. Relatively more variability in outcomes exists for domains of language and executive functioning. Outcomes for all domains are influenced by various other age and injury variables (e.g., lesion size, lesion laterality, chronicity, a history of epilepsy). Continued interdisciplinary understanding and communication about the influence of age at lesion onset on neuropsychological outcomes will aid in promoting the best possible outcomes for patients.

UNASSIGNED: Febrile-infection related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a rare epilepsy syndrome in which a previously healthy individual develops refractory status epilepticus in the setting of a preceding febrile illness. There are limited data regarding detailed long-term outcomes. This study aims to describe the long-term neuropsychological outcomes in a series of pediatric patients with FIRES.
UNASSIGNED: This is a retrospective multi-center case series of pediatric patients with a diagnosis of FIRES treated acutely with anakinra who had neuropsychological testing at least 12 months after status epilepticus onset. Each patient underwent comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation as part of routine clinical care. Additional data collection included the acute seizure presentation, medication exposures, and outcomes.
UNASSIGNED: There were six patients identified with a median age of 11.08 years (IQR: 8.19-11.23) at status epilepticus onset. Anakinra initiation was a median of 11 days (IQR: 9.25-13.50) after hospital admission. All patients had ongoing seizures and none of the patients returned to baseline cognitive function with a median follow-up of 40 months (IQR 35-51). Of the five patients with serial full-scale IQ testing, three demonstrated a decline in scores over time. Testing results revealed a diffuse pattern of deficits across domains and all patients required special education and/or accommodations for academic learning.
UNASSIGNED: Despite treatment with anakinra, neuropsychological outcomes in this series of pediatric patients with FIRES demonstrated ongoing diffuse neurocognitive impairment. Future research will need to explore the predictors of long-term neurocognitive outcomes in patients with FIRES and to evaluate if acute treatment interventions improve these outcomes.

Corpus callosum dysgenesis is a congenital abnormality whereby the corpus callosum fails to develop normally, and has been associated with a range of neuropsychological outcomes. One specific finding in some individuals with corpus callosum dysgenesis is \"congenital mirror movement disorder\", which is the presence of involuntary movements on one side of the body that mimic voluntary movements of the other side. Mirror movements have also been associated with mutations in the deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) gene. The current study aims to comprehensively document the neuropsychological outcomes and neuroanatomical mapping of a family (a mother, daughter and son) with known DCC mutations. All three family members experience mirror movements, and the son additionally has partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (pACC). All family members underwent extensive neuropsychological testing, spanning general intellectual functioning, memory, language, literacy, numeracy, psychomotor speed, visuospatial perception, praxis and motor functioning, executive functioning, attention, verbal/nonverbal fluency, and social cognition. The mother and daughter had impaired memory for faces, and reduced spontaneous speech, and the daughter demonstrated scattered impairments in attention and executive functioning, but their neuropsychological abilities were largely within normal limits. By contrast, the son showed areas of significant impairment across multiple domains including reduced psychomotor speed, fine motor dexterity and general intellectual functioning, and he was profoundly impaired across areas of executive functioning and attention. Reductions in his verbal/non-verbal fluency, with relatively intact core language, resembled dynamic frontal aphasia. His relative strengths included aspects of memory and he demonstrated largely sound theory of mind. Neuroimaging revealed an asymmetric sigmoid bundle in the son, connecting, via the callosal remnant, the left frontal cortex with contralateral parieto-occipital cortex. Overall, this study documents a range of neuropsychological and neuroanatomical outcomes within one family with DCC mutations and mirror movements, including one with more severe consequences and pACC.