病毒相关的慢性炎症可能导致许多疾病的自身免疫。在大脑中,自身免疫性脑炎似乎与嗜神经病毒的波动再激活状态有关。此外,病毒miRNA和蛋白质可以通过外泌体传播,它们构成了细胞通讯的新颖但高度相关的介体。目前的研究质疑HSV-1编码和宿主来源的miRNA在脑脊液(CSF)来源的外泌体中的作用,富含应激诱导的神经炎症性疾病,主要是蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH),精神疾病(AF和SZ),和其他各种神经炎症性疾病。将结果与来自没有任何神经炎性病理学的对照供体的CSF外泌体进行比较。血清学证明是阳性的,但是大多数患者对疱疹病毒的免疫力不同,除了控件。选择性超微结构检查明确,CSF衍生的淋巴细胞和单核细胞中的疱疹病毒样颗粒。最常见的是从CSF单核细胞中观察到细胞外囊泡和外泌体的可能释放。释放的外泌体在结构上类似于高度纯化的干细胞衍生的外泌体。对HSV-1衍生的miR-H2-3p的外泌体RNA进行定量,miR-H3-3p,miR-H4-3p,miR-H4-5p,miR-H6-3p,miR-H27和宿主来源的miR-21-5p,miR-146a-5p,miR-155-5p,和miR-138-5p,并与氧化应激趋化因子IL-8和轴突损伤标记神经丝轻链(NfL)相关。复制相关miR-H27与神经元损伤标志物NfL相关,和细胞来源的miR-155-5p与氧化应激标志物IL-8相关。上调的miR-138-5p靶向HSV-1潜伏期相关的ICP0与CSF中较低的HSV-1抗体呈负相关。总之,miR-H27和miR-155-5p可能构成神经炎症标志物,用于描绘频繁和波动的HSV-1复制和NfL相关的轴突损伤以及脑中的氧化应激细胞因子IL-8。暂时,HSV-1仍然是相关的病原体调节自身免疫过程和精神病学临床表型。
Virus-associated chronic inflammation may contribute to autoimmunity in a number of diseases. In the brain, autoimmune encephalitis appears related to fluctuating reactivation states of neurotropic viruses. In addition, viral miRNAs and proteins can be transmitted via exosomes, which constitute novel but highly relevant mediators of cellular communication. The current study questioned the role of HSV-1-encoded and host-derived miRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-derived exosomes, enriched from stress-induced neuroinflammatory diseases, mainly subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), psychiatric disorders (AF and SZ), and various other neuroinflammatory diseases. The results were compared with CSF exosomes from control donors devoid of any neuroinflammatory pathology. Serology proved positive, but variable immunity against herpesviruses in the majority of patients, except controls. Selective ultrastructural examinations identified distinct, herpesvirus-like particles in CSF-derived lymphocytes and monocytes. The likely release of extracellular vesicles and exosomes was most frequently observed from CSF monocytes. The exosomes released were structurally similar to highly purified stem-cell-derived exosomes. Exosomal RNA was quantified for HSV-1-derived miR-H2-3p, miR-H3-3p, miR-H4-3p, miR-H4-5p, miR-H6-3p, miR-H27 and host-derived miR-21-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-138-5p and correlated with the oxidative stress chemokine IL-8 and the axonal damage marker neurofilament light chain (NfL). Replication-associated miR-H27 correlated with neuronal damage marker NfL, and cell-derived miR-155-5p correlated with oxidative stress marker IL-8. Elevated miR-138-5p targeting HSV-1 latency-associated ICP0 inversely correlated with lower HSV-1 antibodies in CSF. In summary, miR-H27 and miR-155-5p may constitute neuroinflammatory markers for delineating frequent and fluctuating HSV-1 replication and NfL-related axonal damage in addition to the oxidative stress cytokine IL-8 in the brain. Tentatively, HSV-1 remains a relevant pathogen conditioning autoimmune processes and a psychiatric clinical phenotype.