结论:这里我们回顾一下,从数量的角度来看,苔藓模型中原丝尖端生长的细胞生物学。我们专注于细胞骨架的作用,囊泡贩运,和细胞壁力学,包括回顾一些现有的尖端生长数学模型。我们为现有的细胞生物学工具提供了引物,可应用于苔藓尖端生长的未来研究。极化细胞生长是整个植物界普遍存在的过程,其中细胞以自相似的方式延伸。这个过程对于根毛吸收营养很重要,花粉受精,苔藓植物和蕨类植物的原核发育和配子体发育。在这次审查中,我们将关注苔藓细胞的尖端生长,强调细胞骨架组织的作用,细胞质分区,囊泡贩运,细胞壁组成,和动态。我们比较了一些现有的关于protonemata尖端生长的知识与花粉管和根毛中已知的知识,是更好研究的尖端生长细胞。要充分了解植物细胞如何生长,我们需要加深对各种形式的植物细胞生长的了解。我们将这篇综述集中在模型植物Physcomitriumpatens上,它使用尖端生长作为其质子阶段的主要生长形式。因为苔藓和维管植物在4.5亿年前有着共同的祖先,我们预计,尖端生长的植物细胞之间的相似性和差异性将提供尖端生长以及一般植物细胞生长的机制信息。为了这种机械的理解,我们还将回顾一些现有的植物尖端生长的数学模型及其对研究质子形态发生的适用性。我们试图将细胞生物学和物理建模中的结论和数据整合到我们对P.patens中极化细胞生长的当前知识状态中,并强调该领域的未来方向。
CONCLUSIONS: Here we review, from a quantitative point of view, the cell biology of protonemal tip growth in the model moss Physcomitrium patens. We focus on the role of the cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, and cell wall mechanics, including reviewing some of the existing mathematical models of tip growth. We provide a primer for existing cell biological tools that can be applied to the future study of tip growth in moss. Polarized cell growth is a ubiquitous process throughout the plant kingdom in which the cell elongates in a self-similar manner. This process is important for nutrient uptake by root hairs, fertilization by pollen, and gametophyte development by the protonemata of bryophytes and ferns. In this review, we will focus on the tip growth of moss cells, emphasizing the role of cytoskeletal organization, cytoplasmic zonation, vesicle trafficking, cell wall composition, and dynamics. We compare some of the existing knowledge on tip growth in protonemata against what is known in pollen tubes and root hairs, which are better-studied tip growing cells. To fully understand how plant cells grow requires that we deepen our knowledge in a variety of forms of plant cell growth. We focus this review on the model plant Physcomitrium patens, which uses tip growth as the dominant form of growth at its protonemal stage. Because mosses and vascular plants shared a common ancestor more than 450 million years ago, we anticipate that both similarities and differences between tip growing plant cells will provide mechanistic information of tip growth as well as of plant cell growth in general. Towards this mechanistic understanding, we will also review some of the existing mathematical models of plant tip growth and their applicability to investigate protonemal morphogenesis. We attempt to integrate the conclusions and data across cell biology and physical modeling to our current state of knowledge of polarized cell growth in P. patens and highlight future directions in the field.