BACKGROUND: The international recruitment of healthcare workers remains a UK strategy to manage workforce gaps and maintain service delivery. Although not a new phenomenon, this has been exacerbated by chronic shortages. There is a need to profile the current international recruits and identify individual motivators to understand the opportunities for future recruitment and retention initiatives.
METHODS: A UK-wide electronic survey was conducted using the Jisc platform. The survey was promoted using social media and researcher networks. Eligibility criteria were diagnostic radiographers, internationally educated, and currently working in the UK.
RESULTS: 226 responses were received. Most were working in England (90.7%) and 58.0% were under 35 years of age. The majority had migrated having moved to the UK since 2020 (63.7%) and the main drivers were career and/or training opportunities. Initial education was in 30 different countries, the highest number originating from Africa and Asia, with a median of 6 years post-qualification experience (IQR 4-11yrs). Despite experience, most were employed in band 5 (n = 72) or band 6 posts (n = 95). 56% had postgraduate qualifications on entry and a third had undertaken postgraduate study in the UK.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on the survey responses, the profile of internationally recruited diagnostic radiographers is relatively young but with pre-migration experience originating all over the globe. They are motivated to work in the UK particular for career progression opportunities.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides an insight into the motivations, demographics and employment patterns of internationally recruited radiographers working in the UK.

BACKGROUND: Understanding mortality among travellers is essential for mitigating risks and enhancing travel safety. However, limited evidence exists on severe illnesses and injuries leading to death among travellers, particularly in low- and middle-income countries and remote regions.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective census study using country-level observational data from death certificates of travellers of seven South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay) from 2017 to 2021. Causes of death were evaluated using ICD-10 codes, categorised into non-communicable diseases (NCDs), communicable diseases, and injuries. We quantified causes of death by demographic characteristics (e.g. age, sex), and geographical variables. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences between categories. We calculated crude mortality rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) per country\'s subregions.
RESULTS: A total of 17 245 deaths were reported. NCDs (55%) were the most common cause of death, followed by communicable diseases (23.4%) and injuries (18.1%). NCD-associated deaths increased after age 55 years and were highest among ≥85 years. Communicable diseases were more common at younger age (<20 years). Injury-associated deaths were more common in men (79.9%) and 25-29-year-olds (17.1%). Most deaths (68.2%) could have been avoided by prevention or treatment. Mortality risk was higher among travellers in bordering regions between countries. In Roraima [Brazil] and Norte de Santander [Colombia], locations bordering Venezuela, the death incidence rate ratio was 863 and 60, respectively. These countries\' reference mortality rates in those regions were much lower. More than 80% of the deaths in these border regions of Brazil and Colombia involved Venezuelan citizens. Conclusion: The study identified risk factors and high-risk locations for deaths among travellers in seven countries of South America. Our findings underscore the need for specific health interventions tailored to traveller demographics and destination to optimise prevention of avoidable deaths in South America.

BACKGROUND: Different models of care may be appropriate for various groups of women during their perinatal period, depending on their risk level, location, and accessibility of healthcare practitioners and facilities. Evaluating these models\' effectiveness and cost-effectiveness is critical to allocating resources and offering sustained care to women from refugee backgrounds. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of maternity care models among women from migrant and refugee backgrounds living in high-income countries.
METHODS: A comprehensive search of major databases for studies published in English between 2000 and 2023 was developed to identify literature using defined keywords and inclusion criteria. Two authors independently screened the search findings and the full texts of eligible studies. The quality of the included studies was appraised, and qualitative and quantitative results were synthesised narratively and presented in tabular form. The review was reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.
RESULTS: Forty-seven research papers from six countries were included in the review. The review highlighted the positive impact of community and stakeholders\' involvement in the implementation of models of maternity care for women from migrant and refugee backgrounds. The review summarised the models of care in terms of their effectiveness in improving perinatal health outcomes and minimising medical interventions, continuum of care in maternity services, enhancing health literacy, maternity service use and navigating the healthcare system, social support, and sense of belongingness, and addressing cultural and linguistic barriers. Notably, only one study conducted a partial economic evaluation to determine the cost-effectiveness of the model.
UNASSIGNED: While the reviewed models demonstrated effectiveness in improving perinatal health outcomes, there was considerable variation in outcome measures and assessment tools across the models. Thus, reaching a consensus on prioritised perinatal outcomes and measurement tools is crucial. Researchers and policymakers should collaborate to enhance the quality and quantity of economic evaluations to support evidence-based decision-making. This includes thoroughly comparing costs and outcomes across various health models to determine the most efficient interventions. By emphasizing the importance of comprehensive economic evaluations, healthcare systems can better allocate resources, ultimately leading to more effective and efficient healthcare delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To examine immigrant and minority parents\' experiences of having a newborn infant in the neonatal intensive care unit and explore healthcare professionals\' experiences in delivering care to immigrant and minority families.
METHODS: A meta-ethnographic review informed by eMERGe guidelines.
METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review. Studies were included if they explored immigrant or minority parent experiences in neonatal intensive care units and health professional experiences delivering care to immigrant and minority families in neonatal intensive care. Reporting followed ENTREQ guidelines.
METHODS: Database searches included CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Google Scholar. Boolean search strategies were used to identify qualitative studies. No limitations on commencement date; the end date was 23rd August 2022. PRISMA guidelines used for screening and article quality assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute criteria for qualitative studies.
RESULTS: Initial search yielded 2468 articles, and nine articles met criteria for inclusion. Three overarching themes were identified: (1) Overwhelming Emotions, (subthemes: Overwhelming Inadequacy; Cultural Expressions of Guilt; Not Belonging), (2) Circles of Support, (subthemes: Individual Level-Spirituality; External Level-Connecting with Family; Structured Peer-to-Peer Support), (3) Negotiating Relationships with Healthcare Professionals (subthemes: Connecting; Disconnected; Linguistic Barriers). Interactions between healthcare professionals and immigrant and minority parents were the strongest recurring theme.
CONCLUSIONS: There can be a mismatch between immigrant and minority families\' needs and the service support provided, indicating improvements in neonatal intensive care are needed. Despite challenges, parents bring cultural and family strengths that support them through this time, and many neonatal intensive care staff provide culturally respectful care.
UNASSIGNED: Professionals should be encouraged to identify and work with family strengths to ensure parents feel supported in the neonatal intensive care unit. Findings can inform policy and practice development to strengthen health professionals capabilities to support immigrant and minority families in neonatal units.
UNASSIGNED: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklists were used to report the screening process.

The identification of deceased migrants is a global challenge that is exacerbated by migration distance, post-mortem conditions, access to ante-mortem data for comparison, inconsistent international procedures and lack of communication between arrival and origin countries. Due to low technology requirements, fast speed analysis and ease of transferring digital data, facial image comparison is particularly beneficial in those contexts, especially in challenging scenarios when this may be the only initial ante-mortem data available to identify the deceased. The Facial Identification Scientific Working Group (FISWG) professional guidelines for facial image comparison were developed for living facial appearance, and, therefore, a tailored protocol for the application of post-mortem to ante-mortem facial image comparison was proposed and evaluated in this research. The protocol was investigated via an inter-observer and an accuracy study, using 29 forensic cases (2001-2020) from the University of Milan, provided by the Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology. In order to replicate a migrant identification scenario, each post-mortem subject was compared to all 29 ante-mortem targets (841 comparisons). The protocol guided the practitioner through stages of facial image comparison, from broad (phase 1) to more detailed (phase 3), eventually leading to a decision of \'exclusion\' or \'potential match\' for each post-mortem to ante-mortem case (phase 4). In phase 4, a support scale was also utilised to indicate the level of confidence in a potential match. Each post-mortem subject could be recorded with multiple potential matches. The protocol proved to be useful guide for facial image comparison, especially for less experienced practitioners and the inter-observer study suggested good reproducibility. The majority (82-96%) of ante-mortem subjects were excluded at the first stage of the protocol, and 71 full post-mortem to ante-mortem facial image comparisons were carried out. On average, two or three potential matches were recorded for each post-mortem subject. The overall accuracy rate was 85%, with the majority (79%) of ante-mortem non-targets correctly excluded from the identification process. An increased number and quality of available ante-mortem images produced more successful matches with higher levels of support. All potential matches involving non-targets received low levels of support, and for 73% of the post-mortem subjects, the ante-mortem target was the only recorded potential match. However, two ante-mortem targets were incorrectly excluded (one at the first stage of the protocol) and therefore changes to the protocol were implemented to mitigate these errors. A full protocol and a practical recording chart for practitioner use is included with this paper.

BACKGROUND: Typically mobile and vulnerable, migrants face significant barriers to access to routine malaria prevention, diagnostics and treatment, which leads to unchecked malaria transmission, particularly in border regions with a high population displacement. This study aimed to investigate the demographic and socioeconomic obstacles to access to malaria services among Myanmar migrants residing in the Thailand-Myanmar border areas.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in early 2024 across three districts near the Thailand-Myanmar border. Quantitative data were collected from Myanmar migrants using standardized questionnaires through structured surveys. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and simple and multiple logistic regression models.
RESULTS: Out of 300 participants, approximately a quarter (27.3%) reported adequate access to comprehensive malaria services, including prevention, diagnostics, treatment and malaria-related health information. In multiple logistic regression models, factors associated with inadequate access included Myanmar migrants aged over 60 years (aOR: 7.63, 95% CI 1.74-20.58), accompanied by one to three family members (aOR: 3.33, 95% CI 1.06-8.45), earning monthly incomes below 3000 THB (aOR: 5.13, 95% CI 1.38-19.09) and 3000 to 6000 THB (aOR: 3.64, 95% CI 1.06-12.51), belonging to the Karen ethnicity (aOR: 2.13, 95% CI 1.02-3.84), with poor perception toward malaria (aOR: 2.03, 95% CI 1.03-4.01) and with poor preventive and health-seeking practices (aOR: 5.83, 95% CI 2.71-9.55).
CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of Myanmar migrants encounter demographic and socioeconomic barriers to access to routine malaria services in Thailand. Tailored interventions are required to expand such access, including the recruitment of worksite health volunteers, strengthening the role of ethnic health organizations across the border and collaboration with private sector stakeholders (e.g. farm/company owners) to distribute preventive tools and ensure timely referral of suspected malaria cases to health facilities.

BACKGROUND: The MENA region has experienced extraordinary events in recent years, resulting in an influx of refugees and displaced people who are vulnerable to mental disorders. Several previous studies have examined their prevalence, but none have focused on this region. This systematic review provided an estimate of the prevalence of mental illness and associated risk factors in the MENA region, and overcame the methodological limitations of individual studies.
METHODS: Thorough searches of the relevant databases were carried out to locate relevant published articles. Furthermore, cross-sectional studies were conducted to assess mental disorders in refugees, asylum seekers, migrants, or internally displaced people residing in the MENA region. Only studies meeting the aforementioned criteria were considered. For this purpose, RStudio software version 2023.12.0 + 369 with netmeta package was used for measurement and data analysis. JBI used to assess study quality.
RESULTS: The results, including 32 cross-sectional studies with a total of 21659 participants were obtained and discussed. The overall prevalence was 42% (95% CI; 30%, 54%) for depression, 43% (95% CI; 31%, 57%) for anxiety, 22% (95% CI; 11%, 39%) for stress, and 45% (95% CI; 36%, 53%) for PTSD. As a result, it was noted that being female was associated with depression, and being female and unemployed was associated with PTSD, however being married was protective against this later.
CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the rest of the globe, MENA has a greater rate of mental illness among refugees. Nevertheless, much effort should be devoted on listing causes associated, as well as their management and prevention.

Mammography can reduce breast cancer incidence and mortality. Studies on the utilization of mammography among migrant and non-migrant women are inconsistent. Many of these studies do not take the heterogeneity of migrants in terms of ethnicity and country of origin into account. The aim of the present study was to examine disparities in the use of mammography between non-migrant women and the five largest migrant groups in Austria. The study used data from a nationwide population-based survey of 5118 women aged 45 years and older and analyzed the participation in mammography as a dependent variable. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare mammography uptake between the aforementioned groups of women, while adjusting for socioeconomic and health variables. The study shows that all migrant groups involved tended to use mammography less frequently than non-migrant women; statistically significant differences, however, were only observed for Hungarian migrant women (adjusted OR = 0.36; 95%-CI: 0.13, 0.95; p = 0.038) and women from a Yugoslavian successor state (adjusted OR = 0.55; 95%-CI: 0.31, 0.99; p = 0.044). These findings are consistent with other studies in Europe and beyond, highlighting the heterogeneity of migrant populations and emphasizing the need for a diversity-sensitive approach to health care.

Child refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants who have been forcibly displaced from their countries of origin have heightened health needs as a consequence of their migration experiences. Host countries have a duty to respond to these needs, yet across Europe we are seeing a rise in potentially harmful discriminative, hostile and restrictive migration policies and practices. Research exploring the role racism, xenophobia and discrimination in European health systems may play in child migrant health inequities is lacking. This Personal View seeks to highlight this knowledge gap and stimulate discourse on how discrimination in health information systems, data sharing practices, national health policy, healthcare entitlements, service access, quality of care, and healthcare workers attitudes and behaviours may infringe upon the rights of, and impact the health of child refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants. It calls for action to prevent and mitigate against potentially harmful policies and practices.

UNASSIGNED: Europe\'s population is aging and becoming more ethnically diverse due to migration. The growing number of aging migrants has raised concerns about their future eldercare arrangements and their implications for both families and formal care services. Many older non-European migrants prefer family care over formal, long-term care facilities.
UNASSIGNED: The objective of this study is to explore the family caregiving arrangements for older Pakistani migrants from the Ahmadiyya community in Norway.
UNASSIGNED: This exploratory qualitative study recruited 19 women between 25 and 62 years of age who were family caregivers for older adults. Semi-structured individual (18) and group interviews (2) were conducted in Urdu and English.
UNASSIGNED: Our analysis reveals four main themes: the need to share caring responsibilities with family, balancing personal relations in managing care, lack of privacy while caregiving, and feelings of inadequacy.
UNASSIGNED: While rotational care for older family members offers benefits such as the sharing of responsibilities and more privacy, reliance solely on family care arrangements led to greater ambivalence among family caregivers and provoked doubts about the ability to continue caring for older relatives in the future. Our findings highlight the urgent need to establish modes of collaboration with formal care systems to ensure the support and well-being of both older adults and their family caregivers.