OBJECTIVE: Minimally invasive stabilization of metatarsal fractures to enable adequate fracture healing in a correct position to restore anatomy and biomechanics of the foot.
METHODS: A. Dislocated diaphyseal and subcapital fractures of the second to fifth metatarsal (> 3 mm, > 10° dislocation). B. Fifth metatarsal fracture at the metadiaphyseal junction (Lawrence and Botte type III).
METHODS: High grade soft tissue damage or infection at the implant insertion site.
METHODS: A. Fluoroscopically assisted closed reduction and antegrade intramedullary fixation of diaphyseal and subcapital fractures of the second to fifth metatarsal. B. Fluoroscopically assisted wire-guided intramedullary screw fixation of fifth metatarsal fractures at the metadiaphyseal junction.
METHODS: A. Mobilization with partial weight bearing (20 kg) for 6 weeks wearing a stiff sole; implant removal under local anesthesia after 6-8 weeks, followed by a free range of movement and weight-bearing as tolerated (WBAT). B. Early mobilization with weight-bearing as tolerated (WBAT); removal of the orthosis after 6 weeks, implant removal optional.
RESULTS: A. Antegrade nailing of subcapital and shaft fractures of metatarsals II-V achieves good clinical results with low complication rates both when using prepared Kirschner wires or elastically stable intramedullary nails (ESIN). B. According to current literature, intramedullary screw osteosynthesis of proximal metatarsal V fractures of zone II and III according to Lawrence and Botte leads to faster bony healing with a lower nonunion rate compared with conservative treatment. It is recommended especially, but not only, for active athletes.
UNASSIGNED: OPERATIONSZIEL: Minimal-invasive Stabilisierung von Mittelfußfrakturen zur Ermöglichung einer sicheren knöchernen Heilung in korrekter Stellung zur Wiederherstellung der Anatomie und Biomechanik des Fußes.
UNASSIGNED: A. Dislozierte diaphysäre und subkapitale Metatarsale(MT)-II- bis -V-Frakturen (> 3 mm, > 10° Achsdislokation). B. MT-5-Frakturen am metadiaphysären Übergang (Lawrence und Botte Typ III).
UNASSIGNED: Höhergradiger Weichteilschaden oder Infektion an der Insertionsstelle der Implantate.
UNASSIGNED: A. Bildwandlergestützte geschlossene Reposition und antegrade intramedulläre Schienung von diaphysären und subkapitalen Metatarsale-II- bis -V-Frakturen. B. Bildwandlergestützte drahtgeführte intramedulläre Schraubenosteosynthese von Metatarsale-V-Frakturen am metadiaphysären Übergang.
UNASSIGNED: A. Bei fester Sohle Mobilisation unter 20 kg Teilbelastung für 6 Wochen; Implantatentfernung in Lokalanästhesie nach 6 bis 8 Wochen, danach Bewegungs- und Belastungsfreigabe. B. Bei fester Sohle zügige Mobilisation unter schmerzadaptierter Belastung anstreben; nach 6 Wochen Entfernung der Orthese, Implantatentfernung fakultativ.
UNASSIGNED: A. Die antegrade Schienung subkapitaler und Schaftfrakturen von Metatarsale II–V führt sowohl bei Verwendung von präparierten Kirschner-Drähten als auch beim Einsatz von elastisch-stabilen intramedullären Nägeln (ESIN) zu guten klinischen Ergebnissen bei geringen Komplikationsraten. B. Die intramedulläre Schraubenosteosynthese von basalen Metatarsale-V-Frakturen der Zone II und III nach Lawrence und Botte führt im Vergleich zur konservativen Therapie nach aktueller Literaturlage zu einer schnelleren knöchernen Heilung bei geringerer Pseudarthroserate. Sie wird insbesondere, aber nicht nur bei aktiven Sportlern empfohlen.

Metatarsal fractures pose significant challenges in orthopedic practice, necessitating effective treatment methods to ensure optimal patient outcomes. This comprehensive review focuses on intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation as a promising intervention for metatarsal fractures. Beginning with an overview of metatarsal fractures and the imperative for effective treatments, the review delves into intramedullary fixation\'s definition, historical background, advantages, and disadvantages. Indications for its use in metatarsal fractures are discussed, providing a foundation for understanding its application. The surgical technique section outlines critical aspects, including patient selection criteria and preoperative planning. Before presenting a detailed step-by-step procedure for intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation, anesthesia considerations are explored. Emphasizing precision, fluoroscopic guidance, and meticulous postoperative care, this section provides insights for surgeons and healthcare practitioners. Considerations for rehabilitation follow, addressing postoperative care, expected recovery timelines, and physical therapy recommendations. Early mobilization, weight-bearing guidelines, and a structured rehabilitation program play pivotal roles in recovery. In the conclusion, key findings are summarized, highlighting the efficacy of intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation, its advantages, and recommendations for clinical practice. Additionally, areas for future research are identified, guiding further exploration and refinement of this surgical approach. This review is valuable for clinicians, researchers, and healthcare practitioners involved in metatarsal fracture management, contributing to the evolution of treatment strategies and improving patient care.

Metatarsal fractures are some of the most common fractures reported in the human body. Recent advances in surgical techniques and fixation have helped facilitate healing and improved outcomes for our patients. The treatment goals of metatarsal fractures are to maintain the metatarsal parabola, sagittal position of the metatarsal heads, and a congruent metatarsophalangeal joint. Most of these injuries can be treated nonoperatively, but displaced fractures require surgical intervention to preserve normal gait biomechanics.

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Metatarsal bone fractures are one of the most frequent foot injuries, especially after motor vehicle accidents in children. This case report briefly demonstrated a rare instance of pediatric all-metatarsal fractures of the left foot in an adolescent patient with polytrauma after a motorcycle accident. This case report illustrated the surgical procedure\'s potential for healing pediatric foot fractures in teenage patients after polytrauma. In the examination of a 16-year-old male patient brought to the emergency department after a motorcycle accident, we detected a right foot third finger proximal phalanx open fracture, right foot fourth finger proximal phalanx fracture, left foot first metatarsal proximal fracture, left foot second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal distal fractures, left foot cuboid, and navicular bone fractures. The patient\'s left foot\'s metatarsals were all fractured. The posterolateral wall fracture of the patient\'s right maxilla was also detected. All metatarsals were displaced, the second metatarsal paired with the third, etc., and because of this displacement, the closed reduction was impossible, and even the open reduction was challenging to reach the correct pairs. We performed closed reduction and fixation with Kirschner wire for the left foot\'s first metatarsal fracture and open reduction and fixation with Kirschner wire for the left foot\'s second, third, and fourth metatarsal distal fractures. We also performed closed reduction and fixation with Kirschner wire for the right foot third and fourth proximal phalanx fractures. We observed callus formation in the sixth week and removed the patient\'s K-wires. At eight weeks, the X-ray demonstrated the correct alignment of all metatarsals. The proper alignment of all metatarsals and the full range of motion of all foot and ankle joints were achieved with early surgical intervention, open reduction, and timely rehabilitation. This case also emphasizes the importance of open reduction in such irreducible and heavily displaced cases of multiple fractures as all-metatarsal fractures and contributes to the literature with a specific treatment modality in the case of all-metatarsal fractures lacking in the literature.

Fifth metatarsal fractures are common foot injuries that involve the long bone on the outer side of the foot, and avulsion fractures involving the short bone and the fifth distal phalanx of the foot have never been reported. A 25-year-old female marathon runner sustained an avulsion fracture of the distal lateral phalanges of the fifth metatarsal. The patient\'s high functional demands necessitated a conservative approach to minimize complications and facilitate efficient fracture healing. The patient underwent a comprehensive chiropractic rehabilitation program that focused on progressive weight-bearing exercises, range-of-motion activities, strengthening exercises, instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM), therapeutic ultrasound, and laser therapy to stimulate the speed of healing. The patient\'s progression was closely monitored throughout the rehabilitation process. Because of the nonoperative management and chiropractic rehabilitation, the patient successfully returned to her running activities within a six-week duration. This case demonstrates the effectiveness of nonoperative management and chiropractic rehabilitation in promoting the healing of avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal in high-level athletes. This conservative approach can facilitate a safe and efficient return to running activities while minimizing complications and reinjury risks.

BACKGROUND: Fractures to the fifth\'s metatarsal (MT-V) diaphysis are common. These are inconsistently referred to as diaphyseal-, shaft-, or Dancer\'s fractures. A comprehensive analysis of the MT-V fracture morphology is missing. The aim was to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze fracture patterns of MT-V diaphyseal fractures.
OBJECTIVE: Fractures to the shaft of the fifth metatarsal feature specific fracture morphologies.
METHODS: Retrospective, radiologic database study. Included were all acute, isolated MT-V shaft fractures (including the proximal [Lawrence and Botte (L&B) III] and distal meta-diaphysis). Demographics and fracture characteristics were assessed. Each proximal fracture line was drawn, scaled, and a qualitative and quantitative fracture line analysis was conducted. The quantitative fracture line analysis aimed at identifying dens clusters with arbitrary shape using the DBSCAN algorithm. Data are presented as mean±standard deviation.
RESULTS: Out of 704 eligible MT-V fractures, 156 met the inclusion criteria. Patient\'s mean age was 46±19 years and 94% suffered a low energy trauma. Qualitative and quantitative fracture line analysis revealed three distinct fracture patterns. The proximal (30%) and distal (5%) meta-diaphyseal clusters showed a predominant transverse fracture pattern. The vast majority of diaphyseal fractures (56%) were spiral/oblique fractures, progressing from the proximal lateral meta-diaphyseal region in an oblique course at 61±9° to the medial distal diaphyseal cortex. Seven percent of diaphyseal fractures showed a transverse fracture pattern.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of all MT-V shaft fractures, three distinct fracture clusters were identified with homogeneous fracture patterns. MT-V shaft fractures should therefore be classified as proximal meta-diaphyseal (L&B Type III), diaphyseal (oblique or transverse) and distal meta-diaphyseal.
METHODS: IV; retrospective database study.

BACKGROUND: Metatarsal fractures are the most common type of foot fracture. When surgical treatment is needed, pinning is typically used, either percutaneous or open. However, this fixation method has been criticized by some authors who lament residual malunion and prefer to use plate and/or screws. The primary objective of our study was to compare the outcomes of K-wire versus plate and/or screw fixation for the surgical treatment of two or more metatarsal fractures. The secondary objective was to evaluate the factors that contribute to poor outcomes and complications. We hypothesized that plate and/or screw fixation will produce better functional outcomes than K-wire fixation.
METHODS: This was a prospective and retrospective multicenter study carried out between 1 January 2010 and 1 June 2018 with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Three functional scores were determined (AOFAS, FAAM and SF12 physical and mental) preoperatively, postoperatively and at the final assessment. We evaluated the outcomes in the entire study population and in four injury type subgroups, including one with isolated metatarsal fractures to control analysis bias.
RESULTS: Our analysis compiled data from 165 patients (123 men, 42 women) who had a mean age of 38 years (16-82). The mean follow-up time was 27.9months (10-120). There were no complications in 130 patients (79%). Skin necrosis occurred in 25 patients (15%). The FAAM score was significantly higher in the plate and/or screw group 70.2 (17-84) versus 60.3 (31-84) in the K-wire group (P=0.033). The 78 (19-100) AOFAS was higher, but not significantly, in the plate and/or screw group versus 70 (12-100) in the K-wire group (P=0.144).
CONCLUSIONS: Trauma to the foot that causes a fracture in two or more metatarsals often occurs due to a crush injury (39%). The frequency of associated bone lesions means that a preoperative CT scan should be done routinely to analyze the injury pattern and determine the best treatment. The fixation method should be adapted to the local conditions; when possible, it is preferable to use rigid fixation with plates and/or screws as it yields better functional outcomes.
METHODS: IV; study with retrospective component.

BACKGROUND: Spiral diaphyseal fractures of the fifth metatarsal can present with significant displacement. It is considered that non-operative management is sufficient in most cases but there is no clear consensus as to what this may be. This study reports the functional outcome of this injury in a small patient cohort and is the first study to report on outcomes of different non-operative measures.
METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 33 consecutive patients presenting to a central London teaching hospital who were managed by a variety of treatment modalities depending on surgeon preference which included a boot or a rigid sole shoe. Demographic data was obtained and time to pain free walking and return to normal footwear was recorded. The patients were asked how restrictive the injury was on a Likert scale (1-5). The average final follow up was 12 months.
RESULTS: All fractures were managed conservatively with excellent functional outcomes. Those patients managed in a shoe had a statistically significant shorter average time to return to pain free walking (4.6 vs 8.4 weeks, p=0.027) and average time to return to normal footwear (6 vs 7.3 weeks, p=0.044) in comparison to a boot. Patients managed in a shoe reported the injury was less restrictive in comparison to patients managed in a boot (p=0.0002). The average time to evidence of bony union was 8.3 weeks. There were 3 delayed unions.
CONCLUSIONS: All patient in this series were treated without surgery regardless of the degree of displacement. Conservative management of this fracture in a rigid sole shoe resulted in better outcomes and was reported to be less restrictive by the patients in comparison to a boot. On this basis, non-surgical management of these injuries is recommended in a shoe, full weight bearing with early range of movement of the ankle.

Zone 1 fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal are usually treated nonsurgically using some type of immobilization. The aim of this study was to compare clinical and functional outcomes, time to return to prior activity levels, and rate of bone healing when using a hard-soled shoe (HSS) vs a controlled ankle motion (CAM)-walker boot (CWB).
Seventy-two consecutive patients with zone 1 fractures of the fifth metatarsal base were treated conservatively with either an HSS or CWB by 2 different providers. We included 57 women and 15 men, average age of 41.3 (range, 16-88) years. Radiographic findings, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and American Orthopaedic Ankle & Foot Society (AOFAS) midfoot score were assessed. Patients were followed at 4, 8, 10, 12, and 24 weeks or until asymptomatic and able to return to prior level of activities. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U, Fisher exact, and chi-square tests. P values <.05 were considered significant.
Age and gender distributions were similar in both groups (P = .23 and P = .57). Patients had similar VAS and AOFAS scores after 8 (P = .34 and P = .83) and 12 (P = .87 and P = .79) weeks. Average time for bone healing was significantly faster using the CWB (7.2 weeks) when compared to the HSS (8.6 weeks) (P < .001). The average time to return to prior level of activities was similar in both groups (8.3 weeks for CWB and 9.7 weeks for HSS) (P = .11). Fracture displacement was equal in both groups, with a mean of 1.9 mm of displacement in patients using the HSS, and a mean of 1.6 mm in those using the CWB (P = .26).
Zone 1 fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal can be treated conservatively with either a hard-soled shoe or a CAM-walker boot. Even though patients treated in the CAM-walker boot demonstrated earlier signs of complete healing, similar clinical and functional results were achieved with both treatments.
Level III, retrospective comparative series.