Parasitengona(天鹅绒螨,Chiggers和水螨)是一种高度多样化且全球分布的螨谱系,涵盖超过11,000种所述物种,居住在陆地上,淡水和海洋栖息地。某些物种,如chi虫(Trombiculidae),因为它们以脊椎动物宿主和媒介病原体为食,所以具有很大的医学和兽医学重要性。尽管以前进行了广泛的研究,Parasitengona的分类仍然存在争议,特别是关于超家庭和家庭之间的界限,由于缺乏全面的系统发育而加剧。大多数Parasitengona的个体发育因惊人的变态而与众不同,与掠食性自由生活的公鸡和成虫相比,寄生幼虫是异形的。神秘的超家族Allotanaupodoidea是个例外,幼虫和活跃的幼虫后阶段在形态上相似,这表明没有变态可能是祖先状态或二次逆转。此外,文献中关于Parasitengona是淡水还是陆地起源存在分歧。这里,我们推断了Parasitengona(89种,36个家庭)和307个外组使用5个基因(7,838个核苷酸比对)。这种系统发育表明Parasitengona的陆地起源和Allotanaoupodoidea的次生变态丧失。我们将超家族Trombidioidea(Trombidioideasensulato)恢复为大型,很好的支持,包括10个抽样家庭在内的更高级进化枝。我们为陆生Parasitengona提出了新的分类,其中包括Trombidioidea超家族的三个新的主要部门(epifamilies):Trombelloidae(Audyanidae家族,Trombellidae,新血栓科,约翰斯顿科,Chyzeriidae);Trombidioidae(Microtrombidiidae,Neothrombiidae,Achaementhrombiidae,蚊科,足血栓科);和血栓科(=血栓科)。将它们添加到以前公认的超家族Allotanaupodoidea中,两性生物,calyptostomatoidea,Erythraeoidea,鱼科和尤氏科。
Parasitengona (velvet mites, chiggers and water mites) is a highly diverse and globally distributed mite lineage encompassing over 11,000 described species, inhabiting terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. Certain species, such as chiggers (Trombiculidae), have a great medical and veterinary importance as they feed on their vertebrate hosts and vector pathogens. Despite extensive previous research, the classification of Parasitengona is still contentious, particularly regarding the boundaries between superfamilies and families, exacerbated by the absence of a comprehensive phylogeny. The ontogeny of most Parasitengona is distinct by the presence of striking
metamorphosis, with parasitic larvae being heteromorphic compared to the predatory free-living deutonymphs and adults. The enigmatic superfamily Allotanaupodoidea is an exception, with larvae and active post-larval stages being morphologically similar, suggesting that the absence of
metamorphosis may be either an ancestral state or a secondary reversal. Furthermore, there is disagreement in the literature on whether Parasitengona had freshwater or terrestrial origin. Here, we inferred phylogenetic relationships of Parasitengona (89 species, 36 families) and 307 outgroups using five genes (7,838 nt aligned). This phylogeny suggests a terrestrial origin of Parasitengona and a secondary loss of
metamorphosis in Allotanaoupodoidea. We recovered the superfamily Trombidioidea (Trombidioidea sensu lato) as a large, well-supported, higher-level clade including 10 sampled families. We propose a new classification for the terrestrial Parasitengona with three new major divisions (epifamilies) of the superfamily Trombidioidea: Trombelloidae (families Audyanidae, Trombellidae, Neotrombidiidae, Johnstonianidae, Chyzeriidae); Trombidioidae (Microtrombidiidae, Neothrombiidae, Achaemenothrombiidae, Trombidiidae, Podothrombiidae); and Trombiculoidae (=Trombiculidae sensu lato). Adding them to previously recognized superfamilies Allotanaupodoidea, Amphotrombioidea, Calyptostomatoidea, Erythraeoidea, Tanaupodoidae and Yurebilloidae.