背景:先前的研究表明,正念与日常生活中较慢的时间流逝有关,自我报告的时间压力较低。这项研究调查了这些关系背后的一些潜在机制。
方法:318名参与者提交了他们对在线调查的答复,该调查收集了有关时间流逝判断的数据,时间压力,特质正念,气质,任务加载,和关于时间的元认知。使用共性和优势分析,我们探索了这些变量是如何发挥作用的,无论是单独还是联合,预测参与者的时间似乎过得有多快(或多慢),或者他们觉得时间有多紧迫。
结果:正念和气质在月和2个月尺度上预测时间判断和时间压力的能力上有一些重叠。外向/摄政的气质特征,以及正念的非判断和非反应方面是时间判断和时间压力的最佳预测因素。注意力相关变量主要通过参与与其他变量的联合效应而与时间感知相关。结果还表明,关于时间的元认知在预测时间判断的流逝时与其他变量相互作用,但只在月尺度上。最后,在本研究的所有变量中,任务负荷在周和月尺度上对自我报告时间压力的预测参与程度最高,但它对预测时间流逝的判断贡献相对较小。
结论:结果表明,正念通过参与推理过程与时间的流逝有关。数据还显示了不同因素在不同时间尺度上与PoTJ的关系。最后,结果表明,在时间流逝和时间压力与其他纳入变量的关系方面存在异同。
BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown that mindfulness is associated with slower passage of time in everyday life, and with lower self-reported time pressure. This study investigates some of the potential mechanisms behind these relationships.
METHODS: 318 participants submitted their responses to an online survey which collected data regarding passage of time judgments, time pressure, trait mindfulness, temperament, task load, and metacognitions about time. Using commonality and dominance analyses, we explored how these variables contributed, either alone or jointly, to predicting how fast (or slow) time seems to pass for participants, or how pressed for time they felt.
RESULTS: Mindfulness and temperament had some overlaps in their ability to predict passage of time judgments and time pressure for durations at the month and 2-month scales. The temperamental trait of extraversion/surgency, as well as the Non-judging and Non-reacting facets of mindfulness were among the best predictors of passage of time judgments and time pressure. Attention-related variables were mainly related to time perception via their involvement in joint effects with other variables. Results also suggested that metacognitions about time interacted with other variables in predicting passage of time judgments, but only at the month scale. Finally, among all the variables included in this study, task load had the highest degree of involvement in predictions of self-reported time pressure at the week and month scales, but it contributed relatively little to predicting passage of time judgments.
CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that mindfulness relates to passage of time through its involvement in inferential processes. The data also shows how different factors are related to PoTJ at different time scales. Finally, results suggest the existence of both similarities and differences in how passage of time and time pressure relate to the other included variables.