信使核糖核酸(mRNA)于1961年被发现,用于将遗传信息从DNA转移到核糖体以进行蛋白质合成。COVID-19大流行引起了全球对mRNA疫苗的关注。两种COVID-19mRNA疫苗的紧急使用授权,BNT162b2和mRNA-1273是疫苗发展史上的重大成就。脂质纳米颗粒(LNP),最优秀的非病毒递送载体之一,作为COVID-19疫苗的一部分,在临床翻译方面取得了许多令人兴奋的进展,因此有可能加速许多基因药物的临床翻译。此外,由于这些小尺寸,生物相容性和优异的生物降解性,LNP可以有效地将核酸递送到细胞中,这对于目前的mRNA治疗方案尤为重要。LNP由阳离子或pH依赖性可电离脂质双层组成,聚乙二醇(PEG),磷脂,和胆固醇,代表用于递送mRNA疫苗的先进系统。此外,对构成LNP的这四种组分的优化已经证明了增强的疫苗效力和减少的副作用。生物可降解脂质的掺入增强了LNP的生物相容性,从而提高其作为一种有效的治疗方法的潜力,为广泛的具有挑战性和复杂的疾病,包括传染病,肝脏疾病,癌症,心血管疾病,脑血管条件,在其他人中。因此,本综述旨在为科学界提供有关mRNA疫苗和LNP递送系统的最新信息.
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was discovered in 1961 as an intermediary for transferring genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. The COVID-19 pandemic brought worldwide attention to mRNA vaccines. The emergency use authorization of two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, were major achievements in the history of vaccine development. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), one of the most superior non-viral delivery vectors available, have made many exciting advances in clinical translation as part of the COVID-19 vaccine and therefore has the potential to accelerate the clinical translation of many gene drugs. In addition, due to these small size, biocompatibility and excellent biodegradability, LNPs can efficiently deliver nucleic acids into cells, which is particularly important for current mRNA therapeutic regimens. LNPs are composed cationic or pH-dependent ionizable lipid bilayer, polyethylene glycol (PEG), phospholipids, and cholesterol, represents an advanced system for the delivery of mRNA vaccines. Furthermore, optimization of these four components constituting the LNPs have demonstrated enhanced vaccine efficacy and diminished adverse effects. The incorporation of biodegradable lipids enhance the biocompatibility of LNPs, thereby improving its potential as an efficacious therapeutic approach for a wide range of challenging and intricate diseases, encompassing infectious diseases, liver disorders, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular conditions, among others. Consequently, this review aims to furnish the scientific community with the most up-to-date information regarding mRNA vaccines and LNP delivery systems.