线粒体脂肪酸氧化是细胞存活的重要过程,分化,扩散,和能量代谢。许多研究已利用依托莫昔尔(ETO)对肉碱棕榈酰肉碱转移酶1(CPT1)进行不可逆抑制,该酶催化线粒体长链脂肪酸β-氧化的限速步骤,以检查线粒体脂肪酸代谢在多种疾病状态下的许多组织中的生物能量作用。在这里,我们证明,完整的线粒体在依托莫昔尔介导的CPT1抑制几乎完全之前,将依托莫昔尔强代谢为依托莫昔尔-肉碱(ETO-肉碱).新的药物代谢产物,ETO-肉碱,通过准确的质量最终确定,碎片模式,和同位素精细结构。根据这些数据,ETO-肉碱成功地与等量异位结构区分开(例如,3-羟基-C18:0肉碱和3-羟基-C18:1肉碱)。机械上,从线粒体产生ETO-肉碱需要外源Mg2+,ATP或ADP,CoASH,和L-肉碱表明通过长链酰基-CoA合成酶形成ETO-CoA的硫酯化先于其通过CPT1转化为ETO-肉碱。ETO-肉碱的CPT1依赖性产生通过使用ST1326(CPT1抑制剂)的正交方法得到证实,其有效抑制线粒体ETO-肉碱产生。令人惊讶的是,纯化的ETO-肉碱可有效抑制不依赖钙的PLA2γ和PLA2β以及与CPT1无关的线粒体呼吸。还证明了在ETO存在下孵育的HepG2细胞中ETO-肉碱的稳健产生和释放。总的来说,这项研究确定了一种新的依托莫昔尔药物代谢产物的生物合成的化学机制,ETO-肉碱,由线粒体中的CPT1产生,并可能影响多个下游(非CPT1相关)酶和多个亚细胞区室中的过程。
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation serves as an essential process for cellular survival, differentiation, proliferation, and energy metabolism. Numerous studies have utilized etomoxir (ETO) for the irreversible inhibition of carnitine palmitoylcarnitine transferase 1 (CPT1) which catalyzes the rate-limiting step for mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation to examine the bioenergetic roles of mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism in many tissues in multiple diverse disease states. Herein, we demonstrate that intact mitochondria robustly metabolize etomoxir to etomoxir-carnitine (ETO-carnitine) prior to nearly complete etomoxir-mediated inhibition of CPT1. The novel pharmaco-metabolite, ETO-carnitine, was conclusively identified by accurate mass, fragmentation patterns, and isotopic fine structure. On the basis of these data, ETO-carnitine was successfully differentiated from isobaric structures (e.g., 3-hydroxy-C18:0 carnitine and 3-hydroxy-C18:1 carnitine). Mechanistically, generation of ETO-carnitine from mitochondria required exogenous Mg2+, ATP or ADP, CoASH, and L-carnitine indicating that thioesterification by long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase to form ETO-CoA precedes its conversion to ETO-carnitine by CPT1. CPT1-dependent generation of ETO-carnitine was substantiated by an orthogonal approach using ST1326 (a CPT1 inhibitor) which effectively inhibits mitochondrial ETO-carnitine production. Surprisingly, purified ETO-carnitine potently inhibited calcium-independent PLA2γ and PLA2β as well as mitochondrial respiration independent of CPT1. Robust production and release of ETO-carnitine from HepG2 cells incubated in the presence of ETO was also demonstrated. Collectively, this study identifies the chemical mechanism for the biosynthesis of a novel pharmaco-metabolite of etomoxir, ETO-carnitine, that is generated by CPT1 in mitochondria and likely impacts multiple downstream (non-CPT1 related) enzymes and processes in multiple subcellular compartments.